{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T08:32:40Z","timestamp":1765960360656,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]],"date-time":"2025-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737072000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005856","name":"NOVA University Lisbon NOVA School of Science & Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005856","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007689","name":"University of Aveiro","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007689","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Electrochimica Acta"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2025.145713","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]],"date-time":"2025-01-16T02:44:57Z","timestamp":1736995497000},"page":"145713","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Iron electrowinning from a nickel refinery residue for sustainable steelmaking"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"515","author":[{"given":"Francisco","family":"Duarte","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Aleksey D.","family":"Lisenkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5814-9797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrei V.","family":"Kovalevsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0652-5070","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela V.","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2025.145713_bib0001","unstructured":"World steel association, world steel in figures, 2024."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2025.145713_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envc.2024.100988","article-title":"Decarbonization in the European steel industry: strategies, risks, and commitments","volume":"16","author":"Di Foggia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Challenges."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2025.145713_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fmats.2022.1010156","article-title":"Prospects and challenges of the electrochemical reduction of iron oxides in alkaline media for steel production","volume":"9","author":"Lopes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2025.145713_bib0004","unstructured":"SIDERWIN, (2023). https:\/\/www.siderwin-spire.eu\/."},{"year":"2000","series-title":"Potential for Industrial Energy-Efficiency Improvement in the Long Term, Vol. 5 Eco-Efficency in Industry and Science","author":"de Beer","key":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2025.145713_bib0005"},{"year":"2019","series-title":"Clean Ironmaking and Steelmaking Processes","author":"Cavaliere","key":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2025.145713_bib0006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2025.145713_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E187","DOI":"10.1149\/1.2790285","article-title":"Electrodeposition of metal iron from dissolved species in alkaline media","volume":"154","author":"Allanore","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2025.145713_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D64","DOI":"10.1149\/1.3039998","article-title":"Electrowinning of iron in aqueous alkaline solution using a rotating cathode","volume":"156","author":"Yuan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2025.145713_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2010.02.040","article-title":"Observation and modeling of the reduction of hematite particles to metal in alkaline solution by electrolysis","volume":"55","author":"Allanore","year":"2010","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2025.145713_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1957","DOI":"10.1007\/s10800-010-0172-0","article-title":"Experimental investigation of cell design for the electrolysis of iron oxide suspensions in alkaline electrolyte","volume":"40","author":"Allanore","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Appl. Electrochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2025.145713_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1007\/s10800-015-0803-6","article-title":"Electrochemical deposition of Fe and Fe \/CNTs composites from strongly alkaline hematite suspensions","volume":"45","author":"Ivanova","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Appl. Electrochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2025.145713_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1007\/s10800-017-1127-5","article-title":"Reactivity of suspended iron oxide particles in low temperature alkaline electrolysis","volume":"47","author":"Feynerol","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Electrochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2025.145713_bib0013","article-title":"Electrochemical deposition of zero-valent iron from alkaline ceramic suspensions of Fe2-xAlxO3 for iron valorisation","volume":"167","author":"Lopes","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2025.145713_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ces.2024.119931","article-title":"On the formation of dendritic iron from alkaline electrochemical reduction of iron oxide prepared for metal fuel applications","volume":"291","author":"Majid","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2025.145713_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2016.02.058","article-title":"Reduction of magnetite to metallic iron in strong alkaline medium","volume":"193","author":"Monteiro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2025.145713_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1149\/1945-7111\/acd085","article-title":"Low-temperature electrowinning of iron from mixed hematite-magnetite alkaline suspensions","volume":"170","author":"Boehme","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2025.145713_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2019.135060","article-title":"Electrochemical reduction of hematite-based ceramics in alkaline medium: challenges in electrode design","volume":"327","author":"Lopes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2025.145713_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1149\/1945-7111\/ac1490","article-title":"Alkaline electrochemical reduction of a magnesium ferrospinel into metallic iron for the valorisation of magnetite-based metallurgical waste","volume":"168","author":"Lopes","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2025.145713_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15041440","article-title":"Prospects of using pseudobrookite as an iron-bearing mineral for the alkaline electrolytic production of iron","volume":"15","author":"Lopes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Materials (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2025.145713_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1595\/205651320X15918757312944","article-title":"Electrolytic iron production from alkaline bauxite residue slurries at low temperatures","volume":"65","author":"Koutsoupa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Johnson Matthey Technol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2025.145713_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.5599\/jese.751","article-title":"Electrolytic iron production from alkaline suspensions of solid oxides: compared cases of hematite, iron ore and iron-rich Bayer process residues","volume":"10","author":"Maihatchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2025.145713_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G.M. Haarberg, B. Qin, B. Khalaghi, Electrochemical reduction of iron oxides in aqueous NaOH electrolyte including iron residue from nickel and zinc electrowinning processes, in: Rare Met. Technol. 2022. Miner. Met. Mater. Ser., Springer, Cham, 2022: pp. 341\u2013347. doi:10.1007\/978-3-030-92662-5_33.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-92662-5_33"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2025.145713_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1149\/05052.0103ecst","article-title":"Crystal orientation of iron produced by electrodeoxidation of hematite particles","volume":"50","author":"Tokushige","year":"2013","journal-title":"ECS Trans."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2025.145713_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1149\/1.3114006","article-title":"Electrodeposition of Iron in aqueous alkaline solution: an alternative to carbothermic reduction","volume":"16","author":"Yuan","year":"2009","journal-title":"ECS Trans."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2025.145713_bib0025","first-page":"199","article-title":"Applications of synchrotron-based X-ray diffraction and X-ray absorption spectroscopy to the understanding of poorly crystalline and metal-substituted Iron oxides","author":"Singh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dev. Soil Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2025.145713_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1346\/CCMN.1991.0390205","article-title":"Transformation of akagani\u00e9ite into goethite and hematite in the presence of Mn","volume":"39","author":"Cornell","year":"1991","journal-title":"Clays Clay Miner"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2025.145713_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hydromet.2021.105594","article-title":"Investigating the effects of process parameters on the filtration performance of ferric hydroxide in a continuous MSMPR reactor","volume":"202","author":"Jenssen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hydrometallurgy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2025.145713_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01809495","article-title":"New evidence for a tubular structure of \u03b2-Iron(III) oxide hydroxide - akaganeite","volume":"15","author":"Holm","year":"1985","journal-title":"Orig. Life Evol. Biosph."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2025.145713_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.3390\/min11111178","article-title":"Nickel laterites - mineralogical monitoring for grade definition and process optimization","volume":"11","author":"K\u00f6nig","year":"2021","journal-title":"Minerals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2025.145713_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-386X(96)00068-0","article-title":"Solubility of hematite in LiOH, NaOH and KOH solutions","volume":"45","author":"Ishikawa","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hydrometallurgy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2025.145713_bib0031","first-page":"252","article-title":"Electrochemical reduction of iron oxides in suspension in water-sodium hydroxide mixtures between 25 and 140 \u00b0C. II: experimental study","volume":"8","author":"Picard","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Chem. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2025.145713_bib0032","unstructured":"M. Pourbaix, Atlas of Electrochemical Equilibria in Aqueous Solutions, 2nd Editio, Brussels, 1974."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2025.145713_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00241579","article-title":"Interpretation des diagrammes E-pH du systeme Fe-H2O en relation avec la fragilisation caustique des aciers","volume":"23","author":"Le","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Appl. Electrochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2025.145713_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-0728(72)80377-2","article-title":"The dissolution of iron in concentrated alkali","volume":"40","author":"Armstrong","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem. Interfacial Electrochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2025.145713_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1149\/1.2132940","article-title":"Slow potentiodynamic studies of porous alkaline iron electrodes","volume":"123","author":"Andersson","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2025.145713_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2247","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-7037(99)00070-8","article-title":"Iron(III) solubility and speciation in aqueous solutions. experimental study and modelling: part 1. hematite solubility from 60 to 300 \u00b0C in NaOH-NaCl solutions and thermodynamic properties of Fe(OH)4-(aq)","volume":"63","author":"Diakonov","year":"1999","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2025.145713_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2905","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-7037(98)00208-7","article-title":"Energetics of stable and metastable low-temperature iron oxides and oxyhydroxides","volume":"62","author":"Laberty","year":"1998","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta."}],"container-title":["Electrochimica Acta"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0013468625000763?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0013468625000763?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T01:32:08Z","timestamp":1762133528000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0013468625000763"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"references-count":37,"alternative-id":["S0013468625000763"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.electacta.2025.145713","relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-4686"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0013-4686"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Iron electrowinning from a nickel refinery residue for sustainable steelmaking","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Electrochimica Acta","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.electacta.2025.145713","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"145713"}}