{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T20:10:03Z","timestamp":1789157403717,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006477","name":"National Taiwan University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["112G9901-009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["112G9901-009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006477","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006477","name":"National Taiwan University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NTU- NFG-113 \\u202F L74126"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NTU- NFG-113 \\u202F L74126"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006477","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006477","name":"National Taiwan University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NTU- NFG-114 \\u202FL7460"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NTU- NFG-114 \\u202FL7460"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006477","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010002","name":"Executive Yuan Republic of China Ministry of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOE-113-YSFEE-0003-007-P1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOE-113-YSFEE-0003-007-P1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020595","name":"National Science and Technology Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["114-2221-E-002-176-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["114-2221-E-002-176-MY3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Energy Conversion and Management"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2026.122122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T13:26:19Z","timestamp":1789046779000},"page":"122122","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Convection-driven divergence between apparent and operational efficiency in thermogalvanic cells"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"370","author":[{"given":"Cong-Siang","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting-Ruan","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0965-9578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pin-Ruei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7024-9991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cho-Ju","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1843-597X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leigh","family":"Aldous","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2026.122122_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2020.117393","volume":"198","author":"Hong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2026.122122_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1039\/C7SE00161D","volume":"1","author":"Kazim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sustain Energ Fuels"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2026.122122_b0015","volume":"34","author":"Mensah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Therm Sci Eng Prog"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2026.122122_b0020","volume":"62","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Angew Chem Int Ed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2026.122122_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1039\/C7EE03026F","volume":"11","author":"Rahimi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energ Environ Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2026.122122_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1149\/1.2132776","volume":"123","author":"Burrows","year":"1976","journal-title":"J Electrochem Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2026.122122_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1039\/D0EE02795B","volume":"14","author":"Brogioli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energ Environ Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2026.122122_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3388","DOI":"10.1039\/D0SE00440E","volume":"4","author":"Buckingham","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustain Energ Fuels"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2026.122122_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2020.114280","volume":"872","author":"Buckingham","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Electroanal Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2026.122122_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8901","DOI":"10.1039\/D1GC02989D","volume":"23","author":"Buckingham","year":"2021","journal-title":"Green Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2026.122122_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6062","DOI":"10.1039\/D0GC01878C","volume":"22","author":"Buckingham","year":"2020","journal-title":"Green Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2026.122122_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3639","DOI":"10.1021\/ic00190a042","volume":"23","author":"Hupp","year":"1984","journal-title":"Inorg Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2026.122122_b0065","volume":"45","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mater Today Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2026.122122_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3652","DOI":"10.1149\/1.2048394","volume":"142","author":"Quickenden","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Electrochem Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2026.122122_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201101639","volume":"22","author":"Kang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv Funct Mater"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2026.122122_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd6749","volume":"370","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2026.122122_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5146","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07625-9","volume":"9","author":"Duan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2026.122122_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10600","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms10600","volume":"7","author":"Im","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2026.122122_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4984","DOI":"10.1039\/D1SC06340E","volume":"13","author":"Trosheva","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2026.122122_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11986","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.5c02774","volume":"25","author":"Hosseini","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nano Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2026.122122_b0105","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2026.122122_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2016.12.152","volume":"225","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Electrochim Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2026.122122_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2055","DOI":"10.1007\/s10008-025-06294-1","volume":"29","author":"Buckingham","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Solid State Electrochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2026.122122_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11204","DOI":"10.1021\/acsaem.1c02060","volume":"4","author":"Buckingham","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acs Appl Energ Mater"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2026.122122_b0125","volume":"614","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Power Sources"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2026.122122_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16126","DOI":"10.1039\/D3RA01463K","volume":"13","author":"Zheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"RSC Adv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2026.122122_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0131731","volume":"158","author":"Kjelstrup","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Chem Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2026.122122_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1007\/s11784-015-0255-y","volume":"17","author":"Consiglieri","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Fix Point Theory A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2026.122122_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29328","DOI":"10.1038\/srep29328","volume":"6","author":"Hasan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2026.122122_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8706","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-45127-w","volume":"9","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2026.122122_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-45432-7","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2026.122122_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6438","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-26813-8","volume":"12","author":"Gunathilaka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2026.122122_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2023.232819","volume":"563","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Power Sources"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2026.122122_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5967","DOI":"10.1039\/D1SE01264A","volume":"5","author":"Ikeda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustain Energ Fuels"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2026.122122_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.elecom.2019.03.007","volume":"102","author":"Alzahrani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Electrochem Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2026.122122_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6958","DOI":"10.1039\/D3SC06766A","volume":"15","author":"Laws","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2026.122122_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3985","DOI":"10.1149\/1.2048446","volume":"142","author":"Quickenden","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Electrochem Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2026.122122_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1246\/bcsj.60.1505","volume":"60","author":"Ikeshoji","year":"1987","journal-title":"B Chem Soc Jpn"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2026.122122_b0195","volume":"15","author":"Wakayama","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv Energy Mater"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2026.122122_b0200","volume":"231","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl Therm Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2026.122122_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A35","DOI":"10.1017\/jfm.2024.968","volume":"999","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Fluid Mech"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2026.122122_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022112099007545","volume":"407","author":"Grossmann","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Fluid Mech"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2026.122122_b0215","volume":"29","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv Mater"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2026.122122_b0220","volume":"335","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Electrochim Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2026.122122_b0225","volume":"2","author":"Buckingham","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep Phys Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2026.122122_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43304","DOI":"10.1039\/D5RA07066J","volume":"15","author":"Fukuda","year":"2025","journal-title":"RSC Adv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2026.122122_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1039\/D4SE01498G","volume":"9","author":"Haughton-James","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sustain Energ Fuels"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2026.122122_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2558","DOI":"10.1149\/1.1837047","volume":"143","author":"Mua","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Electrochem Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2026.122122_b0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2017.12.059","volume":"142","author":"Qian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy Procedia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2026.122122_b0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22159","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.6b05083","volume":"8","author":"Holubowitch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acs Appl Mater Inter"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2026.122122_b0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2014.07.007","volume":"78","author":"Gunawan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Heat Mass Tran"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2026.122122_b0260","volume":"7","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Glob Chall"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2026.122122_b0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22921","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.1c22084","volume":"14","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acs Appl Mater Inter"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2026.122122_b0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1039\/D5EE04880J","volume":"19","author":"Liu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Energ Environ Sci"}],"container-title":["Energy Conversion and Management"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0196890426010915?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0196890426010915?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T19:36:38Z","timestamp":1789155398000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0196890426010915"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"references-count":54,"alternative-id":["S0196890426010915"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.enconman.2026.122122","relation":{},"ISSN":["0196-8904"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0196-8904","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Convection-driven divergence between apparent and operational efficiency in thermogalvanic cells","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Energy Conversion and Management","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.enconman.2026.122122","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"122122"}}