{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T10:43:37Z","timestamp":1777113817570,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":142,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776729600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Engineering Structures"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T07:13:54Z","timestamp":1777101234000},"page":"122809","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Establishing standards for 3D concrete printing: Current insights and future research needs"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"360","author":[{"given":"Balrajh","family":"Kiriparan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jay","family":"Sanjayan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7731-8656","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pathmanathan","family":"Rajeev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib1","first-page":"251","article-title":"Additive manufacturing as an enabling technology for digital construction: A perspective on Construction 4.0","volume":"103","author":"Craveiro","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib2","article-title":"Opportunities and challenges for structural engineering of digitally fabricated concrete","volume":"133","author":"Menna","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib3","article-title":"Overview of the development of 3D-printing concrete: A review","volume":"11","author":"Lyu","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Pegna, \"Exploratory investigation of solid freeform construction ',\" in \"Automation in Construction,\" 1997, vol. 5.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0926-5805(96)00166-5"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y. Wang, \"Application and Development Prospect of 3D Printing Concrete Material in Construction Field,\" 2024, pp. 407-419.","DOI":"10.2991\/978-94-6463-449-5_40"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib6","unstructured":"Y. Pan, Y. Zhang, D. Zhang, and Y. Song, \"3D printing in construction: state of the art and applications,\" doi: 10.1007\/s00170-021-07213-0\/Published."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2019.106968","article-title":"Printability region for 3D concrete printing using slump and slump flow test","volume":"174","author":"Tay","year":"2019","journal-title":"Composites Part B Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2022.106774","article-title":"Technology readiness: a global snapshot of 3D concrete printing and the frontiers for development","volume":"156","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cem Concr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2019.102992","article-title":"Mesh reinforcing method for 3D Concrete Printing","volume":"109","author":"Marchment","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autom Constr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.119546","article-title":"Development of 3D-printable ultra-high performance fiber-reinforced concrete for digital construction","volume":"257","author":"Arunothayan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr Build Mater"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib11","article-title":"3D printed concrete components and structures: an overview","volume":"1","author":"Xiao","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2016.03.097","article-title":"Large-scale 3D printing of ultra-high performance concrete \u2013 a new processing route for architects and builders","volume":"100","author":"Gosselin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater Des"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2023.131614","article-title":"3D Printed Concrete: Acomprehensive review ofraw material\u2019s properties, synthesis, performance, andpotential field applications","volume":"387","author":"Bhushan Jindal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Constr Build Mater"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib14","article-title":"Systematic workflow for digital design and on-site 3D printing of large concrete structures: A case study of a full-size two-story building","volume":"104","author":"Zuo","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Build Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib15","article-title":"A systematic review and analysis of the viability of 3D-printed construction in remote environments","volume":"125","author":"Schuldt","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib16","article-title":"3D Printing Technology and Future of Construction: A Review","volume":"1326","author":"Ghosh","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2022.106746","article-title":"The realities of additively manufactured concrete structures in practice","volume":"156","author":"Bos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cem Concr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib18","article-title":"Strategies towards large-scale 3D printing without size constraints","volume":"19","author":"Zuo","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2024.137417","article-title":"Evaluation of anisotropy and statistical parameters of compressive strength for 3D printed concrete","volume":"440","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Constr Build Mater"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1617\/s11527-021-01632-x","article-title":"Hardened properties and durability of large-scale 3D printed cement-based materials","volume":"54","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater Struct\/Mater Et Constr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A.K. Al-Tamimi, H.H. Alqamish, A. Khaldoune, H. Alhaidary, and K. Shirvanimoghaddam, \"Framework of 3D Concrete Printing Potential and Challenges,\" Buildings, vol. 13, no. 3, doi: 10.3390\/buildings13030827.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings13030827"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib22","first-page":"1597","article-title":"Improving performance of additive manufactured (3D printed) concrete: A review on material mix design, processing, interlayer bonding, and reinforcing methods","volume":"29","author":"Kristombu Baduge","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2019.107684","article-title":"Method of enhancing interlayer bond strength in construction scale 3D printing with mortar by effective bond area amplification","volume":"169","author":"Marchment","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater Des"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2022.106862","article-title":"Mitigating early age cracking in 3D printed concrete using fibres, superabsorbent polymers, shrinkage reducing admixtures, B-CSA cement and curing measures","volume":"159","author":"Moelich","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cem Concr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.05.205","article-title":"Highly absorptive normal weight aggregates for internal curing of concrete","volume":"179","author":"Savva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr Build Mater"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib26","first-page":"111","article-title":"Rethinking reinforcement for digital fabrication with concrete","volume":"112","author":"Asprone","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2024.107640","article-title":"Interaction of reinforcement, process, and form in Digital Fabrication with Concrete","volume":"186","author":"Kloft","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cem Concr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib28","article-title":"Reinforcing digitally fabricated concrete: A systems approach review","volume":"37","author":"Bester","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.01.018","article-title":"3D printing of reinforced concrete elements: Technology and design approach","volume":"165","author":"Asprone","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr Build Mater"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2021.103964","article-title":"Integrating reinforcement in digital fabrication with concrete: A review and classification framework","volume":"119","author":"Mechtcherine","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cem Concr Compos"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib31","article-title":"Advancement in Sustainable 3D Concrete Printing: A Review on Materials, Challenges, and Current Progress in Australia","volume":"14","author":"Gamage","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2024.107652","article-title":"Additive construction in practice \u2013 Realities of acceptance criteria","volume":"186","author":"Kreiger","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cem Concr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib33","unstructured":"V.D. printers. \"A sustainable statement: 3D-printed park bench.\" \u3008https:\/\/www.vertico.com\/projects\/park-bench\u3009 (accessed 20 June, 2025)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib34","series-title":"The Virtues and Vices of Our Time \/ 300 Years Later","author":"Ve\u0161krna","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib35","series-title":"Cementos Progreso spearheads use of 3D construction printers in Latin America","author":"International","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib36","unstructured":"Vertico 3D printers. \"3D-Printed Sand Mould Facades for TU Eindhoven.\" \u3008https:\/\/www.vertico.com\/projects\/sand-mould-facades\u3009 (accessed 20 June, 2025)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib37","series-title":"COBOD customer makes 3D printed Tiny House","author":"International","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib38","series-title":"Largest 3D printed building in Africa","author":"INTERNATIONAL","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib39","unstructured":"COBOD International. \"COBOD customer makes 3D printed Tiny House.\" \u3008https:\/\/cobod.com\/cobod-customer-makes-3d-printed-tiny-house\/\u3009 (accessed 24 June, 2025)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib40","article-title":"PERI is 3D printing a three-storey apartment building in Germany","author":"Boissonneault","year":"2025","journal-title":"VoxelMatters"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib41","article-title":"North America\u2019s First 3D Printed 2-Story Building Erected by Nidus 3D in Ontario, Canada","author":"Online","year":"2025","journal-title":"Constr View Online"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib42","unstructured":"J. Gross. \"First 2 Story REAL CONCRETE Printed Building in North America.\" Youtube. \u3008https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=F_EJU43igP0\u3009 (accessed 24 June, 2025)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib43","unstructured":"J. Ranjit. \"3D Printed Concrete Book Cabin Exposed by Professor Xu Weiguo\u2019s Team.\" Parametric Architecture. \u3008https:\/\/parametric-architecture.com\/3d-printed-concrete-book-cabin-exposed-by-professor-xu-weiguos-team\/?srsltid=AfmBOoo8REEl3SIMVn3CQmcuTKGYGuOo5azlwMfB6aj4w4TVQ3NVYJq2\u3009 (accessed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib44","article-title":"First 3D printed and unreinforced concrete bridge","author":"Walther","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eidgen\u00f6ssische Tech Hochsch (ETH) Z\u00fcRich"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib45","article-title":"Exploring the potential for carrying capacity and reusability of 3D printed concrete bridges: Construction, dismantlement, and reconstruction of a box arch bridge","volume":"20","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Case Stud Constr Mater"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib46","article-title":"XTreeE will 3D print a bridge in Paris for 2024 Olympic Games","author":"M","year":"2025","journal-title":"3Dnatives"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/s41693-022-00064-5","article-title":"Building rethought \u2013 3D concrete printing in building practice","volume":"5","author":"Weger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Constr Robot"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib48","article-title":"DREIHAUS: Three apartment buildings in Heidelberg, 2025\/26","author":"Peri 3D Construction","year":"2026","journal-title":"Peri 3D Constr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib49","first-page":"347","article-title":"Additive construction: State-of-the-art, challenges and opportunities,\" in","volume":"72","author":"Labonnote","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib50","unstructured":"Dezeen. \"World's largest 3D-printed building completes in Dubai.\" Dezeen. \u3008https:\/\/www.dezeen.com\/2019\/12\/22\/apis-cor-worlds-largest-3d-printed-building-dubai\/\u3009 (accessed 24 June, 2025)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib51","series-title":"Chinese Company Constructs the World's Tallest 3D Printed Building","author":"Stott","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib52","article-title":"Canada\u2019s first 3D-printed housing in Ont. utilizes spray foam insulation","author":"CANADA","year":"2025","journal-title":"Constr Can"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib53","article-title":"A review of the current progress and application of 3D printed concrete","volume":"125","author":"Zhang","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.21809\/rilemtechlett.2024.201","article-title":"Standardization Aspects of Concrete 3D Printing: State of the art, requirements and first steps towards standardization","volume":"9","author":"Vasilic","year":"2025","journal-title":"RILEM Tech Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib57","unstructured":"\"ASTM Committee F42; Additive Manufacturing Technologies,\" 2009."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib62","unstructured":"UL LLC, \"UL 3401 - Outline of Investigation for 3D Printed Building Construction Issue Number: 2,\" 2022."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib63","unstructured":"ISO\/ASTM International, \"ISO\/ASTM 52939:2023: Additive manufacturing for construction \u2014 Qualification principles \u2014 Structural and infrastructure elements,\" 2023."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib64","unstructured":"Standard of China Association for Engineering Construction Standardization, \"T-CECS-786-2020 EN - Technical Specification for Concrete 3D Printing,\" Beijing, 2020."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib65","unstructured":"China Building Materials Federation and China Concrete and Cement Products Association, \"T\/CBMF 183-2022\/ T\/CCPA 33-2022: Test methods for basic mechanical properties of 3D printed concrete,\" Beijing, China, 2022."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib66","unstructured":"China Building Materials Federation and China Concrete & Cement Products Association, \"T\/CBMF 184-2022\/ T\/CCPA 34-2022: Test methods for printability of 3D printing fresh concrete (English Translation),\" Beijing, China, 2022."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib67","unstructured":"Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, \"JC\/T 2850-2024: Test method for interface bonding strength of 3D printed cement-based materials,\" 2024."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib68","unstructured":"International Code Council Inc, \"ICC 1150-202X ( Second draft): Standard for Automated Construction Technology for 3D Printing Walls,\" IL, USA, 2025."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib69","unstructured":"China Building Materials Federation and China Concrete & Cement Products Association, \"T\/CBMF 183-2022\/ T\/CCPA 33-2022: Test methods for basic mechanical properties of 3D printed concrete,\" Beijing, China, 2022."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib70","unstructured":"Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the PRC, \"GB\/T 50081-2019: Standard for test methods of concrete physical and mechanical properties,\" ed. Beijing, China, 2019."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib71","article-title":"State-of-the-art of mechanical properties of 3D printed concrete","volume":"21","author":"Cai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Case Stud Constr Mater"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2020.112808","article-title":"Anisotropic behavior in bending of 3D printed concrete reinforced with fibers","volume":"254","author":"Ding","year":"2020","journal-title":"Compos Struct"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2025.143157","article-title":"Influence of printing speed and extrusion speed on the performance and pore structures of 3D printed mortar","volume":"493","author":"Yao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Constr Build Mater"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib74","article-title":"Mechanical properties of 3D printed concrete components: A review","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dev Built Environ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2019.02.017","article-title":"Hardened properties of 3D printed concrete: The influence of process parameters on interlayer adhesion","volume":"119","author":"Wolfs","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cem Concr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2025.107817","article-title":"On the origins of anisotropy of extrusion-based 3D printed concrete: The roles of filament skin and agglomeration","volume":"192","author":"Kolawole","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cem Concr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib77","article-title":"Mechanical properties and anisotropy of 3D-printed concrete modified with multiscale materials based on optimized printing process design","volume":"113","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Build Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib78","article-title":"Analysis of anisotropic behavior in 3D concrete printing for mechanical property evaluation","volume":"99","author":"Aminpour","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Build Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2022.106800","article-title":"A roadmap for quality control of hardening and hardened printed concrete","volume":"157","author":"Mechtcherine","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cem Concr Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1080\/13287982.2016.1246793","article-title":"Calibration of Australian Standard AS3600 Concrete Structures: part I statistical analysis of material properties and model error","volume":"17","author":"Foster","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aust J Struct Eng"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1080\/13287982.2016.1246215","article-title":"Calibration of Australian Standard AS3600 concrete structures part II: reliability indices and changes to capacity reduction factors","volume":"17","author":"Stewart","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aust J Struct Eng"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1617\/s11527-025-02686-x","article-title":"Mechanical properties of 3D printed concrete: a RILEM TC 304-ADC interlaboratory study \u2014 approach and main results","volume":"58","author":"Bos","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mater Struct"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib83","unstructured":"Standards Australia, \"AS 3600 - 2001: Australian Standard for Concrete structures,\" 2018."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib84","unstructured":"ACI Committee 318, \"ACI CODE-318-25: Building Code for Structural Concrete\u2014Code Requirements and Commentary,\" Farmington Hills, MI, 2025."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib85","unstructured":"Standards Australia, \"AS 3700:2018: Masonry Structures,\" 2018."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib86","unstructured":"The Masonry Society, \"TMS 402\/602-22 Building Code Requirements and Specification for Masonry Structures,\" 2022."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib87","article-title":"3D printed concrete pinned beam-column connection development","volume":"111","author":"Ter Haar","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Build Eng"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13081800","article-title":"Automation in the construction of a 3D-Printed concrete wall with the use of a lintel gripper","volume":"13","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B. Nan, Y. Qiao, J. Leng, and Y. Bai, \"Advancing Structural Reinforcement in 3D-Printed Concrete: Current Methods, Challenges, and Innovations,\" Materials, vol. 18, no. 2, p. 252 doi: 10.3390\/ma18020252.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18020252"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2025.120497","article-title":"Factors affecting the flexural performance of reinforced 3D printed concrete beams","volume":"337","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eng Struct"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2025.122057","article-title":"Effect of infill architecture on structural performance and sustainability of 3D-printed reinforced concrete columns","volume":"351","author":"Nguyen-Van","year":"2026","journal-title":"Eng Struct"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s44290-025-00399-2","article-title":"Systematic review on 3D concrete printing technology: breakthroughs and challenges","volume":"3","author":"Agegn","year":"2026","journal-title":"Discov Civ Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib93","article-title":"Structural design methodology for low-rise 3D printed concrete (3DPC) buildings subjected to non-seismic loading: Description, application and validation","volume":"105","author":"Sharma","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Build Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/00038628.2025.2543003","article-title":"The effectiveness of 3D concrete printing technology in architectural design: different corner-wall combinations in 3D printed elements and geometric form configurations in residential buildings","author":"\u0130lerisoy","year":"2025","journal-title":"Archit Sci Rev"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1061\/JSENDH.STENG-12148","article-title":"Investigation of axial load capacity of 3D-printed concrete wall","volume":"150","author":"Bayatkashkooli","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Struct Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib96","article-title":"Experimental study and design approach on 3D printed concrete walls under eccentric axial compression","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Case Stud Constr Mater"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2021.103993","article-title":"Experimental study on large-scale 3D printed concrete walls under axial compression","volume":"133","author":"Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"Autom Constr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib98","article-title":"Structural performance of 3D concrete printed load-bearing walls","author":"Mohammed","year":"2024","journal-title":"Prog Addit Manuf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib99","article-title":"Large-scale 3D wall printing: From concept to reality","volume":"159","author":"Sedghi","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib100","series-title":"Second RILEM International Conference on Concrete and Digital Fabrication","first-page":"646","article-title":"Load Carrying Capacity and Failure Mode of 3D Printing Mortar Wall Panel Under Axial Compression Loading","author":"Jiramarootapong","year":"2020"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9445(1994)120:1(230)","article-title":"State-of-the-art report on seismic performance of unreinforced masonry buildings","volume":"120","author":"Bruneau","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Struct Eng"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1080\/13287982.2010.11465067","article-title":"Performance of unreinforced masonry buildings during the 2010 darfield (Christchurch, Nz) earthquake","volume":"11","author":"Ingham","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aust J Struct Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.01.235","article-title":"Effects of layer-interface properties on mechanical performance of concrete elements produced by extrusion-based 3D-printing","volume":"205","author":"Nerella","year":"2019","journal-title":"Constr Build Mater"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2018.05.005","article-title":"Additive manufacturing technology and its implementation in construction as an eco-innovative solution","volume":"93","author":"Ghaffar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Autom Constr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2011.06.010","article-title":"Developments in construction-scale additive manufacturing processes","volume":"21","author":"Lim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Autom Constr"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2011.12.003","article-title":"Hardened properties of high-performance printing concrete","volume":"42","author":"Le","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cem Concr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.116710","article-title":"Mechanical characterization of 3D printable concrete","volume":"227","author":"Rahul","year":"2019","journal-title":"Constr Build Mater"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2024.117535","article-title":"Analysis and design of 3D printed reinforced concrete walls under in-plane quasi-static loading","volume":"303","author":"Aghajani Delavar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eng Struct"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2025.121516","article-title":"Experimental and analytical assessment of the in-plane behaviour of 3D printed concrete walls subjected to cyclic loads","volume":"345","author":"Giulivo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eng Struct"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib110","unstructured":"ASCE 7-22 Committee, \"ASCE\/SEI 7-22 Minimum Design Loads and Associated Criteria for Buildings and Other Structures,\" Reston, VA, 2022."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib111","series-title":"NEHRP Seismic Design Technical Brief No. 9: Seismic Design of Special Reinforced Masonry Shear Walls","author":"Kingsley, P","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib112","series-title":"Civil Engineering Studies SRS-622","article-title":"Seismic behavior of bridge column non-contact lap splices","author":"Lin","year":"1998"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib113","article-title":"Behavior and Design of Noncontact Lap Splices Subjected to Repeated Inelastic tensile loading","volume":"88","author":"Sagan","year":"1991","journal-title":"Acids Struct J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2024.135689","article-title":"Cyclic in-plane shear behaviour of reinforced concrete masonry walls with single and double layered reinforcement","volume":"421","author":"Ghaseminia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Constr Build Mater"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1680\/macr.2000.52.3.169","article-title":"Load capacity of slender reinforced concrete walls governed by flexural cracking strength of concrete","volume":"52","author":"Sanjayan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mag Concr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib116","article-title":"Robotic rebar insertion and grouting for reinforcement of 3D printed concrete: Technique development and bond behavior characterization","volume":"117","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Addit Manuf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib117","unstructured":"Ministry Housing and Urban-Rural Construction of People's Republic of China and I. a. Q. o. P. s. R. o. C. General Administration of Quality Supervision, \"GB\/T 50082-2009: Standard For Test Method of Long Term Performance and Durability of Ordinary Concrete (English Translation),\" Beijing, China, 2010."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib118","unstructured":"European standard, \"Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures,\" Brussels, 2004."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib119","article-title":"Durability properties of 3D printed concrete (3DPC)","volume":"142","author":"Nodehi","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2024.107649","article-title":"On the micro- and meso-structure and durability of 3D printed concrete elements","volume":"185","author":"Van Tittelboom","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cem Concr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib121","article-title":"An investigation into the porosity of extrusion-based 3D printed concrete","volume":"37","author":"Kruger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Addit Manuf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Van Der Putten, M. Deprez, V. Cnudde, G. De Schutter, and K. Van Tittelboom, \"Microstructural Characterization of 3D Printed Cementitious Materials,\" Materials, vol. 12, no. 18, doi: 10.3390\/ma12182993.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12182993"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchar.2021.110948","article-title":"Characterization of air-void systems in 3D printed cementitious materials using optical image scanning and X-ray computed tomography","volume":"173","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater Charact"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2020.103571","article-title":"Interlayer bonding improvement of 3D printed concrete with polymer modified mortar: experiments and molecular dynamics studies","volume":"110","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cem Concr Compos"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2021.123220","article-title":"Durability assessment and microstructural analysis of 3D printed concrete exposed to sulfuric acid environments","volume":"290","author":"Baz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Constr Build Mater"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.03.232","article-title":"Effect of surface moisture on inter-layer strength of 3D printed concrete","volume":"172","author":"Sanjayan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr Build Mater"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib127","article-title":"The effect of restrained early age shrinkage on the interlayer bond and durability of 3D printed concrete","volume":"43","author":"Moelich","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Build Eng"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1080\/17452759.2018.1500420","article-title":"Time gap effect on bond strength of 3D-printed concrete","volume":"14","author":"Tay","year":"2019","journal-title":"Virtual Phys Prototyp"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.01.008","article-title":"Mechanical anisotropy of aligned fiber reinforced composite for extrusion-based 3D printing","volume":"202","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Constr Build Mater"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.120559","article-title":"Examining the significance of infill printing pattern on the anisotropy of 3D printed concrete","volume":"262","author":"Heras Murcia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr Build Mater"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib131","series-title":"First RILEM International Conference on Concrete and Digital Fabrication \u2013 Digital Concrete 2018","first-page":"234","article-title":"The Effect of Print Parameters on the (Micro)structure of 3D Printed Cementitious Materials","author":"Van Der Putten","year":"2019"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib132","article-title":"Chloride induced corrosion and carbonation in 3d printed concrete","volume":"7","author":"De\u2019M Malan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infrastructures"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib133","unstructured":"Ministry Housing and Urban-Rural Construction of People's Republic of China and State Administration for Market Regulation of the People's Republic of China, \"GB\/T 50476-2019: Standard for design of concrete structure durability (English Translation),\" Beijing, China, 2019."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib134","article-title":"Qualitative assessment of interfacial bonding in 3D printing concrete exposed to frost attack","volume":"13","author":"Assaad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Case Stud Constr Mater"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2022.106789","article-title":"Effect of processing on the air void system of 3D printed concrete","volume":"156","author":"Das","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cem Concr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2023.105343","article-title":"Early-age shrinkage assessment of cementitious materials: a critical review","volume":"145","author":"Kurup","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cem Concr Compos"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.firesaf.2020.103075","article-title":"An experimental study of the behavior of 3D printed concrete at elevated temperatures","volume":"120","author":"Cicione","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fire Saf J"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/s43452-025-01321-4","article-title":"Elevated temperature response and fire resistance considerations of 3D-printed concrete: small- to medium-scale wall experiments","volume":"25","author":"Sikora","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arch Civ Mech Eng"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1061\/JAEIED.AEENG-2107","article-title":"Behavior of 3D printed concrete walls exposed to high temperatures","volume":"31","author":"Daungwilailuk","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Archit Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2021.125865","article-title":"Assessment of materials, design parameters and some properties of 3D printing concrete mixtures; a state-of-the-art review","volume":"316","author":"\u015eahin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Constr Build Mater"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.istruc.2022.06.068","article-title":"A review of largescale 3DCP: material characteristics, mix design, printing process, and reinforcement strategies","volume":"43","author":"Ahmed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Structures"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2018.12.014","article-title":"3D printable concrete: mixture design and test methods","volume":"97","author":"Rahul","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cem Concr Compos"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1617\/s11527-012-9828-z","article-title":"Mix design and fresh properties for high-performance printing concrete","volume":"45","author":"Le","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mater Struct"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib144","series-title":"Dubai to Host World's First 3D Printed Building","author":"Rosenfield","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib145","unstructured":"I.I.T. Hydrabad, \"India's First 3D Printed Bridge @ IIT Hyderabad Official Campus,\" ed. India, 2024."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib146","article-title":"Recommendations for quality control in industrial 3D concrete printing construction with mono-component concrete: a critical evaluation of ten test methods and the introduction of the performance index","volume":"16","author":"Rehman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dev Built Environ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib147","article-title":"Towards full automation in 3D concrete printing construction: development of an automated and inline sensor-printer integrated instrument for in-situ assessment of structural build-up and quality of concrete","volume":"17","author":"Rehman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dev Built Environ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"I. Dressler, N. Freund, and D. Lowke, \"The Effect of Accelerator Dosage on Fresh Concrete Properties and on Interlayer Strength in Shotcrete 3D Printing,\" Materials, vol. 13, no. 2, doi: 10.3390\/ma13020374.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13020374"}],"container-title":["Engineering Structures"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0141029626007224?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0141029626007224?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T10:20:47Z","timestamp":1777112447000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0141029626007224"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":142,"alternative-id":["S0141029626007224"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809","relation":{},"ISSN":["0141-0296"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0141-0296","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Establishing standards for 3D concrete printing: Current insights and future research needs","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Engineering Structures","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.engstruct.2026.122809","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"122809"}}