{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T22:42:31Z","timestamp":1776120151100,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004052","name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Energy Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2026.115252","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T11:44:55Z","timestamp":1774093495000},"page":"115252","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["An optimization framework for integrating electric vehicles and carbon capture: Bridging cost gaps via electric vehicles deployment"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"214","author":[{"given":"Daniel","family":"Fontecha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5735-6089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo M.","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0973-1112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omar M.","family":"Knio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2026.115252_bib0005","series-title":"Driving and Parking Patterns of European Car Drivers: A Mobility Survey","author":"Alemanno","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2026.115252_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2021.103389","article-title":"Plug-in electric vehicles and their impact on power generation availability: a real survey-based analysis in Saudi Arabia","volume":"75","author":"Almutairi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2026.115252_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.3390\/electricity3030020","article-title":"Identification of potential barriers to electric vehicle adoption in oil-producing nations\u2014the case of Saudi Arabia","volume":"3","author":"Alotaibi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Electricity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2026.115252_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.35833\/MPCE.2019.000112","article-title":"Expansion planning for renewable integration in power system of regions with very high solar irradiation","volume":"9","author":"Alraddadi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mod. Power Syst. Clean Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2026.115252_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1039\/D1EE02206G","article-title":"Assessing the value of electric vehicle managed charging: a review of methodologies and results","volume":"15","author":"Anwar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2026.115252_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2014.10.082","article-title":"Life cycle assessment of electricity production from renewable energies: review and results harmonization","volume":"42","author":"Asdrubali","year":"2015","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2026.115252_bib0035","article-title":"Carbon management technology pathways for reaching a U.S. Economy-Wide net-zero emissions goal","volume":"5","author":"Binsted","year":"2024","journal-title":"Energy Clim. Change"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2026.115252_bib0040","series-title":"National renewable energy laboratory","author":"Blair","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2026.115252_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2018.06.222","article-title":"Synergies of sector coupling and transmission reinforcement in a cost-optimised, highly renewable european energy system","volume":"160","author":"Brown","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2026.115252_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2019.116156","article-title":"Influence of the controllability of electric vehicles on generation and storage capacity expansion decisions","volume":"189","author":"Carri\u00f3n","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2026.115252_bib0055","series-title":"Energy Procedia","first-page":"1703","article-title":"Flexibility of low-CO2 gas power plants: integration of the CO2 capture unit with CCGT operation","volume":"vol. 63","author":"Ceccarelli","year":"2014"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2026.115252_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/en17050992","article-title":"Comparative life-cycle assessment of electricity-generation technologies: west Texas case study","volume":"17","author":"Das","year":"2024","journal-title":"Energies"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2026.115252_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1038\/s41560-020-00771-9","article-title":"Life-cycle assessment of an industrial direct AIR capture process based on temperature\u2013vacuum swing adsorption","volume":"6:2","author":"Deutz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2026.115252_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tej.2020.106774","article-title":"Electric vehicle deployment and carbon emissions in Saudi Arabia: a power system perspective","volume":"33","author":"Elshurafa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Electr. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2026.115252_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1039\/D1EE03523A","article-title":"Direct AIR capture: process technology, techno-economic and socio-political challenges","volume":"15","author":"Erans","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2026.115252_bib0080","series-title":"Bringing demand-side management to the kingdom of Saudi Arabia","author":"Faruqui","year":"2011"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2026.115252_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-020-00643-w","article-title":"Climate change extremes and photovoltaic power output","volume":"4:3","author":"Feron","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Sustain."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2026.115252_bib0090","series-title":"Modelling pricing policies on the power sector of Saudi Arabia under the scope of vision 2030","author":"Fontecha","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2026.115252_bib0095","article-title":"Are we too pessimistic? Cost projections for solar photovoltaics, wind power, and batteries are over-estimating actual costs globally","volume":"390","author":"Ghadim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2026.115252_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2018.10.045","article-title":"Climate change impacts and adaptation strategies for a hydro-dominated power system via stochastic optimization","volume":"233-234","author":"Guerra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2026.115252_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/en13030641","article-title":"A review on time series aggregation methods for energy system models","volume":"13","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2026.115252_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2016.09.094","article-title":"Thermodynamic analysis and techno-economic evaluation of an integrated natural gas combined cycle (NGCC) power plant with post-combustion CO2 capture","volume":"111","author":"Hu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2026.115252_bib0115","series-title":"Cost of capturing CO2 from industrial sources","author":"Hughes","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2026.115252_bib0120","series-title":"Saudi Arabia - emissions - CO2 emissions by sector, 2021","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2026.115252_bib0125","series-title":"Global EV outlook 2023: catching up with climate ambitions","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2026.115252_bib0130","series-title":"Global EV data explorer - EV stock share (eu27)","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2026.115252_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esr.2024.101537","article-title":"The path to 2060: Saudi arabia\u2019s long-term pathway for GHG emission reduction","volume":"55","author":"Kamboj","year":"2024","journal-title":"Energy Strategy Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2026.115252_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2018.08.087","article-title":"State-of-the-art generation expansion planning: a review","volume":"230","author":"Koltsaklis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2026.115252_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2017.10.017","article-title":"Impact of different time series aggregation methods on optimal energy system design","volume":"117","author":"Kotzur","year":"2018","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2026.115252_bib0150","series-title":"Energy governance in Saudi Arabia: an assessment of the Kingdom\u2019s resources, policies, and climate approach","author":"Krane","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2026.115252_bib0155","series-title":"Cost update: commercial and advanced heliostat collectors","author":"Kurup","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2026.115252_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etran.2022.100169","article-title":"Critical review of life cycle assessment of lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles: a lifespan perspective","volume":"12","author":"Lai","year":"2022","journal-title":"eTransportation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2026.115252_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fceng.2020.622241","article-title":"A review of stochastic programming methods for optimization of process systems under uncertainty","volume":"2","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2026.115252_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4398","DOI":"10.1002\/ese3.1602","article-title":"A techno-economic assessment and optimization of Dumat Al-Jandal wind farm in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","volume":"11","author":"Marouani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energy Sci. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2026.115252_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2018.04.004","article-title":"Electricity transmission formulations in multi-sector national planning models: an illustration using the KAPSARC energy model","volume":"4","author":"Matar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energy Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2026.115252_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2024.141190","article-title":"Energy policy pathways to inform climate policy in Saudi Arabia","volume":"445","author":"Matar","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2026.115252_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2020.111796","article-title":"Regional heterogeneous drivers of electricity demand in Saudi Arabia: modeling regional residential electricity demand","volume":"146","author":"Mikayilov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2026.115252_bib0190","series-title":"Modeling and forecasting industrial electricity demand for Saudi Arabia: uncovering regional characteristics","author":"Mikayilov","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2026.115252_bib0195","series-title":"Mean average monthly daily traffic summary report Saudi","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2026.115252_bib0200","article-title":"Comparative life cycle assessment of conventional, electric and hybrid passenger vehicles in Spain","volume":"291","author":"Naranjo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2026.115252_bib0215","series-title":"Estimating electric vehicle charging infrastructure costs across major U.S. metropolitan areas","author":"Nicholas","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2026.115252_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solener.2021.06.013","article-title":"Investigation of temperature coefficients of PV modules through field measured data","volume":"224","author":"Paudyal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Solar Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2026.115252_bib0225","first-page":"2825","article-title":"Scikit-learn: machine learning in Python","volume":"12","author":"Pedregosa","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2026.115252_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1038\/s41560-020-0558-0","article-title":"Quantifying the impacts of climate change and extreme climate events on energy systems","volume":"5","author":"Perera","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2026.115252_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1978)017<0390:OTUOPL>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"On the use of power laws for estimates of wind power potential","volume":"17","author":"Peterson","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2026.115252_bib0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2022.07.094","article-title":"Performance analysis of a large TES system connected to a district heating network in northern Italy","volume":"8","author":"Pilotelli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2026.115252_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2016.05.009","article-title":"The shared socioeconomic pathways and their energy, land use, and greenhouse gas emissions implications: an overview","volume":"42","author":"Riahi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Glob. Environ. Change"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2026.115252_bib0250","series-title":"Electric vehicle infrastructure company (EVIQ)","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2026.115252_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2018.06.028","article-title":"Comparison of clustering algorithms for the selection of typical demand days for energy system synthesis","volume":"129","author":"Sch\u00fctz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2026.115252_bib0260","series-title":"Renewable energy based electricity supply at low costs-development of the REMix model and application for Europe","author":"Scholz","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2026.115252_bib0265","series-title":"eMobility outlook 2024 - KSA edition","author":"Seitz","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2026.115252_bib0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2018.03.003","article-title":"The national solar radiation data base (NSRDB)","volume":"89","author":"Sengupta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2026.115252_bib0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5547\/ISSN0195-6574-EJ-Vol31-No3-1","article-title":"The value of Plug-In hybrid electric vehicles as grid resources","volume":"31","author":"Sioshansi","year":"2010","journal-title":"The Energy J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2026.115252_bib0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1109\/TSTE.2010.2052078","article-title":"The value of concentrating solar power and thermal energy storage","volume":"1","author":"Sioshansi","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2026.115252_bib0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijggc.2021.103367","article-title":"The cost of CO2 transport and storage in global integrated assessment modeling","volume":"109","author":"Smith","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Greenh. Gas Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2026.115252_bib0290","article-title":"On the behavior of renewable energy systems in buildings of three Saudi cities: winter variabilities and extremes are critical","volume":"70","author":"Souayfane","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2026.115252_bib0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1979)018<0861:TAOSPI>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The assessment of sultriness. part I: a temperature-humidity index based on human physiology and clothing science","volume":"18","author":"Steadman","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2026.115252_bib0300","series-title":"Meteorology for Scientists and Engineers","author":"Stull","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2026.115252_bib0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11397","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.1c03263","article-title":"Life cycle assessment of direct AIR carbon capture and storage with low-carbon energy sources","volume":"55","author":"Terlouw","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2026.115252_bib0310","series-title":"National household travel survey","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2026.115252_bib0315","series-title":"US natural gas electric power price","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2026.115252_bib0320","series-title":"Henry hub natural gas spot price (Dollars Per Million Btu)","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2026.115252_bib0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2013.05.118","article-title":"How to decarbonize the transport sector?","volume":"61","author":"Van Der Zwaan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2026.115252_bib0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2019.111977","article-title":"The role of storage technologies throughout the decarbonisation of the sector-coupled european energy system","volume":"201","author":"Victoria","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2026.115252_bib0335","first-page":"1","article-title":"Early decarbonisation of the european energy system pays off","volume":"11:1","author":"Victoria","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2026.115252_bib0340","series-title":"CNRM-CERFACS CNRM-Cm6-1-HR Model Output Prepared for CMIP6 HighResMIP Version 2019\/10\/24","author":"Voldoire","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2026.115252_bib0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-019-02485-8","article-title":"Modeling of power sector decarbonization in China: comparisons of early and delayed mitigation towards 2-degree target","volume":"162","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clim. Change"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2026.115252_bib0350","series-title":"Annual statistical booklet for electricity electricity generation 2020","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2026.115252_bib0355","series-title":"Annual statistical booklet for electricity electricity generation 2022","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2026.115252_bib0365","article-title":"Are the electric vehicles more sustainable than the conventional ones? Influences of the assumptions and modeling approaches in the case of typical cars in China, resources","volume":"167","author":"Zeng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2026.115252_bib0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1039\/D0EE02681F","article-title":"Re-examining rates of lithium-ion battery technology improvement and cost decline","volume":"14","author":"Ziegler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2026.115252_bib0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(1999)012<2474:TAMAAS>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The analog method as a simple statistical downscaling technique: comparison with more complicated methods","volume":"12","author":"Zorita","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clim."}],"container-title":["Energy Policy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0301421526001862?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0301421526001862?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T21:44:51Z","timestamp":1776116691000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0301421526001862"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":72,"alternative-id":["S0301421526001862"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.enpol.2026.115252","relation":{},"ISSN":["0301-4215"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0301-4215","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"An optimization framework for integrating electric vehicles and carbon capture: Bridging cost gaps via electric vehicles deployment","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Energy Policy","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.enpol.2026.115252","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"115252"}}