{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T04:50:28Z","timestamp":1768625428945,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]],"date-time":"2023-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688169600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]],"date-time":"2023-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688169600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,5]],"date-time":"2023-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680652800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004423","name":"World Health Organization","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004423","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PD\/BD\/114,386\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PD\/BD\/114,386\/2016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/MED-OUT\/28937\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/MED-OUT\/28937\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00006\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04046\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04046\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/04046\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04046\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environmental Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,5]],"date-time":"2023-04-05T11:43:12Z","timestamp":1680694992000},"page":"115795","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Evidence for an association of prenatal exposure to particulate matter with clinical severity of Autism Spectrum Disorder"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"228","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2797-5513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Xavier","family":"Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6197-1068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Sampaio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9969-6241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9lia","family":"Rasga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2490-8913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo","family":"Martiniano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Clarissa","family":"Faria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"C\u00e1tia","family":"Caf\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1660-2714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5684-1472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frederico","family":"Duque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7049-1277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guiomar","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2114-720X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisete","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2760-3277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Astrid Moura","family":"Vicente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib2","series-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","year":"2013"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-011-0203-1","article-title":"Clearing the air: a review of the effects of particulate matter air pollution on human health","volume":"8","author":"Anderson","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Med. Toxicol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2019.1411","article-title":"Association of genetic and environmental factors with autism in a 5-country cohort","volume":"76","author":"Bai","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib6","article-title":"Prenatal and early childhood predictors of intelligence quotient (IQ) in 7-year-old Danish children from the Odense Child Cohort","author":"Beck","year":"2022","journal-title":"Scand. J. Publ. Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1205827","article-title":"Ambient air pollution and autism in los angeles county, California","volume":"121","author":"Becerra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1159\/000513536","article-title":"Integrated RNA sequencing reveals epigenetic impacts of diesel particulate matter exposure in human cerebral organoids","volume":"42","author":"Bilinovich","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dev. Neurosci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11654-3","article-title":"Ambient black carbon particles reach the fetal side of human placenta","volume":"10","author":"Bov\u00e9","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.06.026","article-title":"Interactive and additive influences of Gender, BMI and Apolipoprotein 4 on cognition in children chronically exposed to high concentrations of PM2. 5 and ozone. APOE 4 females are at highest risk in Mexico City","volume":"150","author":"Calder\u00f3n-Garcidue\u00f1as","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-014-0308-1","article-title":"Early life determinants of low IQ at age 6 in children from the 2004 Pelotas Birth Cohort: a predictive approach","volume":"14","author":"Camargo-Figuera","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114716","article-title":"Urban airborne PM2. 5-activated microglia mediate neurotoxicity through glutaminase-containing extracellular vesicles in olfactory bulb","volume":"264","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib14","first-page":"20","article-title":"Trimester effects of source-specific PM10 on birth weight outcomes in the avon longitudinal study of parents and children (ALSPAC)","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13229-020-00370-1","article-title":"Autism spectrum disorder at the crossroad between genes and environment: contributions, convergences, and interactions in ASD developmental pathophysiology","volume":"11","author":"Cheroni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Autism."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6487","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23126487","article-title":"Particulate Matter Exacerbates the Death of Dopaminergic Neurons in Parkinson's Disease through an Inflammatory Response","volume":"23","author":"Choi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci. 10"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107523","article-title":"Effects of air pollution on the nervous system and its possible role in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"210","author":"Costa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"issue":"48","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.01.049","article-title":"Low birth weight: case definition and guidelines for data collection, analysis, and presentation of maternal immunization safety data","volume":"35","author":"Cutland","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4071","article-title":"Advancing the understanding of autism disease mechanisms through genetics","volume":"22","author":"de la Torre-Ubieta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1080\/1354750X.2017.1339294","article-title":"Biomarkers used in studying air pollution exposure during pregnancy and perinatal outcomes: a review","volume":"22","author":"Desai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomarkers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2018.03.034","article-title":"Cytokine profile in autistic patients","volume":"108","author":"Eftekharian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0218799","article-title":"Exposure of trophoblast cells to fine particulate matter air pollution leads to growth inhibition, inflammation and ER stress","volume":"14","author":"Familari","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-019-0726-x","article-title":"Particulate matter exposure shapes DNA methylation through the lifespan","volume":"11","author":"Ferrari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Epigenet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2020.12.013","article-title":"Geospatial analysis of individual-based Parkinson's disease data supports a link with air pollution: a case-control study","volume":"83","author":"Fleury","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmaa010","article-title":"Advanced paternal age is associated with an increased risk of spontaneous miscarriage: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"26","author":"Foss\u00e9","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2013","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-014-2081-2","article-title":"A twin study of heritable and shared environmental contributions to autism","volume":"44","author":"Frazier","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111165","article-title":"Exposure to ambient air pollution during pregnancy and inflammatory biomarkers in maternal and umbilical cord blood: the Healthy Start study","volume":"197","author":"Friedman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2019.11.53","article-title":"Emerging biomarkers in autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review","volume":"7","author":"Frye","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckab190","article-title":"PM10 exposure interacts with abdominal obesity to increase blood triglycerides: a cross-sectional linkage study","volume":"32","author":"Gaio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Public Health."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2020.101545","article-title":"Oxidative stress pathways of air pollution mediated toxicity: recent insights","volume":"34","author":"Gangwar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2019.05.003","article-title":"The association between particulate matter 2.5 exposure and children with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"75","author":"Geng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Dev. Neurosci."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4726","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21134726","article-title":"Clinical assessment, genetics, and treatment approaches in autism spectrum disorder (ASD)","volume":"21","author":"Genovese","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3025","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10113025","article-title":"Prenatal Air Pollution Exposure and Placental DNA Methylation Changes: Implications on Fetal Development and Future Disease Susceptibility","volume":"10","author":"Ghazi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2017.1293032","article-title":"Particulate matter (PM10) exposure, birth and fetal-placental weight and umbilical arterial pH: results from a prospective study","volume":"31","author":"Giovannini","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal Neonat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.2147\/IJWH.S283216","article-title":"Management of pregnancy in women of advanced maternal age: improving outcomes for mother and baby","volume":"13","author":"Glick","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Womens Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-008-0674-3","article-title":"Standardizing ADOS scores for a measure of severity in autism spectrum disorders","volume":"39","author":"Gotham","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib35","first-page":"15","article-title":"Mitochondrial oxidative DNA damage and exposure to particulate air pollution in mother-newborn pairs","volume":"20","author":"Grevendonk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Health."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2014.09.017","article-title":"Air quality status and trends in Europe","volume":"98","author":"Guerreiro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.112717","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to PM10 and changes in DNA methylation and telomere length in cord blood","volume":"209","author":"Isaevska","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1776","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2011.03.004","article-title":"Advanced parental ages and low birth weight in autism spectrum disorders\u2014rates and effect on functioning","volume":"32","author":"Itzchak","year":"2011","journal-title":"Res. Dev. Disabil."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib39","first-page":"83","article-title":"Paternal age is affected by genetic abnormalities, perinatal complications and mental health of the offspring","volume":"12","author":"Janeczko","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Rep."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0075510","article-title":"Air pollution and newly diagnostic autism spectrum disorders: a population-based cohort study in Taiwan","volume":"8","author":"Jung","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000173","article-title":"Particulate matter exposure, prenatal and postnatal windows of susceptibility, and autism spectrum disorders","volume":"26","author":"Kalkbrenner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.01.013","article-title":"Ambient ozone and fine particulate matter exposures and autism spectrum disorder in metropolitan Cincinnati, Ohio","volume":"171","author":"Kaufman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2015.08.007","article-title":"Neonatal cytokine profiles associated with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"81","author":"Krakowiak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-017-3304-0","article-title":"Association between air pollution exposure, cognitive and adaptive function, and ASD severity among children with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"48","author":"Kerin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.1799","article-title":"The joint effect of air pollution exposure and copy number variation on risk for autism","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Autism Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.575330","article-title":"Air pollution and central nervous system disease: a review of the impact of fine particulate matter on neurological disorders","volume":"8","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-058286","article-title":"Effects of short-term exposure to air pollution on hospital admissions for autism spectrum disorder in Korean school-aged children: a nationwide time-series study","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-019-00506-5","article-title":"Birth seasonality and risk of autism spectrum disorder","volume":"34","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02172145","article-title":"Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised: a revised version of a diagnostic interview for caregivers of individuals with possible pervasive developmental disorders","volume":"24","author":"Lord","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005592401947","article-title":"The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule\u2014generic: A standard measure of social and communication deficits associated with the spectrum of autism","volume":"30","author":"Lord","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0138-4","article-title":"Autism spectrum disorder","volume":"6","author":"Lord","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.13135","article-title":"Macrophages treated with particulate matter PM 2.5 induce selective neurotoxicity through glutaminase\u2010mediated glutamate generation","volume":"134","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyt282","article-title":"Maternal lifestyle and environmental risk factors for autism spectrum disorders","volume":"43","author":"Lyall","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.3389\/fnint.2020.00016","article-title":"The autism biomarkers consortium for clinical trials (ABC-CT): scientific context, study design, and progress toward biomarker qualification","volume":"14","author":"McPartland","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Integr. Neurosci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2020.20111608","article-title":"Autism spectrum disorder genetics and the search for pathological mechanisms","volume":"178","author":"Manoli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib57","article-title":"Gestational age in children and adolescents: prevalence and effects on autism phenotype","author":"Martini","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1007\/s12264-017-0103-8","article-title":"The immune system, cytokines, and biomarkers in autism spectrum disorder","volume":"33","author":"Masi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosci. Bull."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.110","article-title":"Geographic distribution of autism in California: a retrospective birth cohort analysis","volume":"3","author":"Meter","year":"2010","journal-title":"Autism Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib60","series-title":"Delimita\u00e7\u00e3o de zonas e aglomera\u00e7\u00f5es para avalia\u00e7\u00e3o da qualidade do ar em Portugal","year":"2001"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s13229-017-0121-4","article-title":"Environmental risk factors for autism: an evidence-based review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses","volume":"8","author":"Modabbernia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Autism."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib62","series-title":"The First Thousand Days: an Evidence Paper-Summary","author":"Moore","year":"2017"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2006.10.014","article-title":"Air quality assessment for Portugal","volume":"373","author":"Monteiro","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.5094\/APR.2015.087","article-title":"Air quality over Portugal in 2020","volume":"6","author":"Monteiro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Poll. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2431","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-012-1501-4","article-title":"The effect of gestational age on symptom severity in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder","volume":"42","author":"Movsas","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2007.00726.x","article-title":"Epidemiology of autism spectrum disorder in Portugal: prevalence, clinical characterization, and medical conditions","volume":"49","author":"Oliveira","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ongono, S. J., Michelon, C., B\u00e9ranger, R., Cadot, E., Simoncic, V., Loubersac, J. et al., 2022, Association between residential proximity to agricultural crops and adaptive behaviors in children with autism spectrum disorder from the French ELENA cohort. J. Psychiat. Res. 145:197-204. doi: 10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2021.12.007.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2021.12.007"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3293","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21093293","article-title":"Oxidative stress and immune system dysfunction in autism spectrum disorders","volume":"21","author":"Pangrazzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291718002039","article-title":"Genetic influences on eight psychiatric disorders based on family data of 4 408 646 full and half-siblings, and genetic data of 333 748 cases and controls","volume":"49","author":"Pettersson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.309279","article-title":"Exposure to fine particulate air pollution is associated with endothelial injury and systemic inflammation","volume":"119","author":"Pope","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cir. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP9509","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to air pollution and autism spectrum disorder: sensitive windows of exposure and sex differences","volume":"130","author":"Rahman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwx294","article-title":"Traffic-related air pollution and autism spectrum disorder: a population-based nested case-control study in Israel","volume":"187","author":"Raz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1408133","article-title":"Autism spectrum disorder and particulate matter air pollution before, during, and after pregnancy: a nested case\u2013control analysis within the Nurses' Health Study II cohort","volume":"123","author":"Raz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2014.4","article-title":"Environmental toxicants and autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review","volume":"4","author":"Rossignol","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1080\/17518423.2019.1645222","article-title":"Parental age at conception and the relationship with severity of autism symptoms","volume":"23","author":"Rieske","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dev. Neurorehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib77","article-title":"Genetic causes and modifiers of autism spectrum disorder","volume":"385","author":"Rylaarsdam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.12141","article-title":"The heritability of autism spectrum disorder","volume":"318","author":"Sandin","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.95758","article-title":"Exposure to xenobiotics and gene-environment interactions in autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review","volume":"133","author":"Santos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Autism Spectrum Disorder-Profile, Heterogeneity, Neurobiology and Intervention"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.862315","article-title":"A role for gene-environment interactions in autism spectrum disorder is supported by variants in genes regulating the effects of exposure to xenobiotics","volume":"16","author":"Santos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12302-020-00450-2","article-title":"Urban population exposure to air pollution in Europe over the last decades","volume":"33","author":"Sicard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Eur."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.105830","article-title":"Mitochondrial alterations triggered by repeated exposure to fine (PM2. 5-0.18) and quasi-ultrafine (PM0. 18) fractions of ambient particulate matter","volume":"142","author":"Sotty","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib102","series-title":"Vineland adaptive behavior scales","author":"Sparrow","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2015.04.021","article-title":"Fine particulate matter and the risk of autism spectrum disorder","volume":"140","author":"Talbott","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1038\/s41370-020-0223-5","article-title":"Association between maternal exposure to particulate matter (PM2.5) and adverse pregnancy outcomes in Lima, Peru","volume":"30","author":"Tapia","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361313517053","article-title":"Quality of life in autism across the lifespan: a meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Van Heijst","year":"2015","journal-title":"Autism"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361320971107","article-title":"Age at autism spectrum disorder diagnosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis from 2012 to 2019","volume":"25","author":"van\u2019t Hof","year":"2021","journal-title":"Autism"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2013.266","article-title":"Traffic-related air pollution, particulate matter, and autism","volume":"70","author":"Volk","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatr."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000030","article-title":"Interaction of the MET receptor tyrosine kinase gene and air pollution exposure in autism spectrum disorder","volume":"25","author":"Volk","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.110320","article-title":"Prenatal air pollution exposure and neurodevelopment: a review and blueprint for a harmonized approach within ECHO","volume":"196","author":"Volk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib90","first-page":"1","article-title":"Redox\/methylation mediated abnormal DNA methylation as regulators of ambient fine particulate matter-induced neurodevelopment related impairment in human neuronal cells","volume":"6","author":"Wei","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/EE9.0000000000000160","article-title":"Ambient particulate matter, ozone, and neurologic symptoms in US Gulf states adults","volume":"5","author":"Werder","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib92","series-title":"Air Quality Guidelines, Global Update","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib93","series-title":"Air Pollution and Child Health: Prescribing Clean Air","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2021"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.12666","article-title":"Advanced parental age and autism risk in children: a systematic review and meta\u2010analysis","volume":"135","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.06.043","article-title":"PM2. 5 as a potential risk factor for autism spectrum disorder: its possible link to neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and changes in gene expression","volume":"128","author":"Yau","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2022.113589","article-title":"In-utero exposure to air pollution and early-life neural development and cognition","volume":"238","author":"Yi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-018-0732-8","article-title":"Effect of atmospheric PM2. 5 on expression levels of NF-\u03baB genes and inflammatory cytokines regulated by NF-\u03baB in human macrophage","volume":"41","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111281","article-title":"Maternal PM2. 5 exposure and abnormal placental nutrient transport","volume":"207","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2653","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S270762","article-title":"PM2. 5 induces the expression of inflammatory cytokines via the Wnt5a\/Ror2 pathway in human bronchial epithelial cells","volume":"15","author":"Zou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Chronic Obstr. Pulm. Dis."}],"container-title":["Environmental Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S001393512300587X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S001393512300587X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T18:21:11Z","timestamp":1762366871000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S001393512300587X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"references-count":97,"alternative-id":["S001393512300587X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795","relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-9351"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-9351","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Evidence for an association of prenatal exposure to particulate matter with clinical severity of Autism Spectrum Disorder","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Environmental Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"115795"}}