{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T05:44:37Z","timestamp":1777873477043,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769385600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006093","name":"Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ME-2020C1-19220"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ME-2020C1-19220"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006093","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U54AG063546-06A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U54AG063546-06A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005326","name":"Yale University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30AG021342"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30AG021342"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005326","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart Lung and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01-HL168202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-HL168202"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart Lung and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01-HL178513"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-HL178513"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30AG021342"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30AG021342"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100031382","name":"1Florida Alzheimer's Disease Research Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30AG066508"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30AG066508"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100031382","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100031382","name":"1Florida Alzheimer's Disease Research Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["08\/H1005\/4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["08\/H1005\/4"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100031382","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Gerontology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113055","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T23:21:54Z","timestamp":1769901714000},"page":"113055","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Uncovering treatment effect heterogeneity in pragmatic gerontology trials"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"215","author":[{"given":"Changjun","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heather","family":"Allore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael O.","family":"Harhay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7697-5029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guangyu","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113055_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610218000017","article-title":"Longitudinal associations between different dementia diagnoses and medication use jointly accounting for dropout","volume":"30","author":"Agogo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Psychogeriatr."},{"issue":"434","key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113055_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1996.10476902","article-title":"Identification of causal effects using instrumental variables","volume":"91","author":"Angrist","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Amer. Statist. Assoc."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113055_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2002183","article-title":"A randomized trial of a multifactorial strategy to prevent serious fall injuries","volume":"383","author":"Bhasin","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"30","key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113055_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5844","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.9592","article-title":"Review and evaluation of imputation methods for multivariate longitudinal data with mixed-type incomplete variables","volume":"41","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stat. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113055_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2004.05.006","article-title":"A systematic literature review of attrition between waves in longitudinal studies in the elderly shows a consistent pattern of dropout between differing studies","volume":"58","author":"Chatfield","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113055_b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1214\/23-AOAS1792","article-title":"A Bayesian machine learning approach for estimating heterogeneous survivor causal effects: applications to a critical care trial","volume":"18","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Appl. Stat."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113055_b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1214\/09-AOAS285","article-title":"BART: Bayesian additive regression trees","volume":"4","author":"Chipman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Appl. Statist."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113055_b8","series-title":"The Prevention and Treatment of Missing Data in Clinical Trials","author":"Council","year":"2011"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113055_b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1782","DOI":"10.3390\/e24121782","article-title":"Stan and BART for causal inference: Estimating heterogeneous treatment effects using the power of stan and the flexibility of machine learning","volume":"24","author":"Dorie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Entropy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113055_b10","series-title":"A Practical Guide to Cluster Randomised Trials in Health Services Research","author":"Eldridge","year":"2012"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113055_b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-013-0537-z","article-title":"Assessing the performance of the EQ-VAS in the NHS PROMs programme","volume":"23","author":"Feng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Qual. Life Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113055_b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0006-341X.2002.00021.x","article-title":"Principal stratification in causal inference","volume":"58","author":"Frangakis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113055_b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2024.09.011","article-title":"Treatment effect heterogeneity in acute kidney injury incidence following intravenous antihypertensive administration for severe blood pressure elevation during hospitalization","volume":"85","author":"Ghazi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113055_b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-8510(90)90421-9","article-title":"EuroQol-a new facility for the measurement of health-related quality of life","volume":"16","author":"Group","year":"1990","journal-title":"Health Policy"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113055_b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1214\/19-BA1195","article-title":"Bayesian regression tree models for causal inference: Regularization, confounding, and heterogeneous effects (with discussion)","volume":"15","author":"Hahn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bayesian Anal."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113055_b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/s10433-007-0063-3","article-title":"The conceptualization and measurement of quality of life in older adults: a review of empirical studies published during 1994\u20132006","volume":"4","author":"Halvorsrud","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Ageing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113055_b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f1035","article-title":"Cost effectiveness of telehealth for patients with long term conditions (whole systems demonstrator telehealth questionnaire study): nested economic evaluation in a pragmatic, cluster randomised controlled trial","volume":"346","author":"Henderson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bmj"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113055_b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/aft185","article-title":"The effect of telecare on the quality of life and psychological well-being of elderly recipients of social care over a 12-month period: the whole systems demonstrator cluster randomised trial","volume":"43","author":"Hirani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113055_b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1093\/biostatistics\/1.1.69","article-title":"Assessing the effect of an influenza vaccine in an encouragement design","volume":"1","author":"Hirano","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biostatistics"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113055_b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4691","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.9090","article-title":"Estimating heterogeneous survival treatment effect in observational data using machine learning","volume":"40","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113055_b21","article-title":"Personalized evidence based medicine: predictive approaches to heterogeneous treatment effects","volume":"363","author":"Kent","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bmj"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113055_b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1848","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001500","article-title":"Screening and intervention to prevent falls and fractures in older people","volume":"383","author":"Lamb","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113055_b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsr1203730","article-title":"The prevention and treatment of missing data in clinical trials","volume":"367","author":"Little","year":"2012","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113055_b24","volume":"vol. 29","author":"Murray","year":"1998"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113055_b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldn003","article-title":"Quality of life in older ages","volume":"85","author":"Netuveli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. Med. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113055_b26","article-title":"The english indices of deprivation 2007: London","author":"Noble","year":"2008","journal-title":"UK Communities Local Gov."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113055_b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2021.12.011","article-title":"Pragmatic trials in long-term care: research challenges and potential solutions in relation to key areas of care","volume":"23","author":"Resnick","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"issue":"7127","key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113055_b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.316.7127.285","article-title":"Understanding controlled trials: What are pragmatic trials?","volume":"316","author":"Roland","year":"1998","journal-title":"Bmj"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113055_b29","first-page":"20","article-title":"Multiple imputations in sample surveys-a phenomenological Bayesian approach to nonresponse","volume":"vol. 1","author":"Rubin","year":"1978"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113055_b30","first-page":"299","article-title":"Causal inference through potential outcomes and principal stratification: application to studies with\u201d censoring\u201d due to death","author":"Rubin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Statist. Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113055_b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1177\/0962280210395740","article-title":"Review of inverse probability weighting for dealing with missing data","volume":"22","author":"Seaman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stat. Methods Med. Res."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113055_b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2665","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.8924","article-title":"Nonparametric machine learning for precision medicine with longitudinal clinical trials and Bayesian additive regression trees with mixed models","volume":"40","author":"Spanbauer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113055_b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.e3874","article-title":"Effect of telehealth on use of secondary care and mortality: findings from the whole system demonstrator cluster randomised trial","volume":"344","author":"Steventon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bmj"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113055_b34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwad038","article-title":"A Bayesian approach for estimating the survivor average causal effect when outcomes are truncated by death in cluster-randomized trials","volume":"192","author":"Tong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113055_b35","series-title":"Bayesian inference for cluster-randomized trials with multivariate outcomes subject to both truncation by death and missingness","author":"Tong","year":"2025"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113055_b36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/bimj.202200307","article-title":"Designing multicenter individually randomized group treatment trials","volume":"66","author":"Tong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biom. J."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113055_b37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.9939","article-title":"A mixed model approach to estimate the survivor average causal effect in cluster-randomized trials","volume":"43","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Stat. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113055_b38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-199603000-00003","article-title":"A 12-item short-form health survey: construction of scales and preliminary tests of reliability and validity","volume":"34","author":"Ware","year":"1996","journal-title":"Med. Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113055_b39","series-title":"Hierarchical embedded Bayesian additive regression trees","author":"Wundervald","year":"2022"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113055_b40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.3102\/10769986028004353","article-title":"Estimation of causal effects via principal stratification when some outcomes are truncated by \u201cdeath\u201d","volume":"28","author":"Zhang","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Educ. Behav. Stat."}],"container-title":["Experimental Gerontology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0531556526000331?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0531556526000331?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T17:57:21Z","timestamp":1777571841000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0531556526000331"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":40,"alternative-id":["S0531556526000331"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113055","relation":{},"ISSN":["0531-5565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0531-5565","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Uncovering treatment effect heterogeneity in pragmatic gerontology trials","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Experimental Gerontology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exger.2026.113055","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"113055"}}