{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T17:53:18Z","timestamp":1776361998339,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":136,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]],"date-time":"2025-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755475200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/50011\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50011\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]],"date-time":"2025-08-15T07:44:15Z","timestamp":1755243855000},"page":"118667","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Advances in the pyrolysis of end-of-life tires: A critical review of reactor systems, process conditions and industrial applications"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Cristiana","family":"Maganinho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Clara M.C.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sebasti\u00e3o M.R.","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ad\u00e9lio","family":"Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9310-2457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos M.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Portugal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib1","unstructured":"Imarc group, Tire Market: Global Industry Trends, Share, Size, Growth, Opportunity and Forecast 2023-2028, 2022. https:\/\/www.imarcgroup.com\/tyre-manufacturing-plant."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib2","first-page":"203","article-title":"End-of-life options of tyres. A review","volume":"5","author":"Valentini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Ind. Eng. Polym. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.29081\/jesr.v20i4.52","article-title":"Managing the environmental hazards of waste tires","volume":"20","author":"Kordoghli","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Eng. Stud. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111860","article-title":"Processing and activation of tire-derived char: a review","volume":"155","author":"Doja","year":"2022","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10758","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.3c00459","article-title":"Review and perspectives of End-of-Life tires applications for fuel and products","volume":"37","author":"Kazemi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib6","article-title":"Council directive 1999\/31\/EC on the landfill","volume":"10","author":"Union","year":"1999","journal-title":"Off. J. Eur. Communities"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s11783-019-1198-0","article-title":"Upgrading pyrolytic carbon-blacks (CBp) from end-of-life tires: characteristics and modification methodologies","volume":"14","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Environ. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2012.05.010","article-title":"Progress in used tyres management in the european union: a review","volume":"32","author":"Sienkiewicz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2030","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15062030","article-title":"Production and upgrading of recovered carbon black from the pyrolysis of End-of-Life tires","volume":"15","author":"Costa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.10.018","article-title":"Evaluation of potential carcinogenicity of organic chemicals in synthetic turf crumb rubber","volume":"169","author":"Perkins","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-3820(01)00174-6","article-title":"Pyrolysis of scrap tyres","volume":"72","author":"de Marco Rodriguez","year":"2001","journal-title":"Fuel Process. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib14","unstructured":"E. Mugnier, C. Farhangi, S. Kley, V. Aurez, A. Chhang, The socio-economic impact of truck tyre retreading in Europe, UK, London, 2016. https:\/\/www.etrma.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/201611-ey_retreading_lr.pdf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.166981","article-title":"End-of-life tyre conversion to energy: a review on pyrolysis and activated carbon production processes and their challenges","volume":"905","author":"Zerin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib16","series-title":"Gasification Technologies","author":"Rezaiyan","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuproc.2020.106582","article-title":"Properties and utilization of waste tire pyrolysis oil: a mini review","volume":"211","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fuel Process. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2013.05.003","article-title":"Pyrolysis of waste tyres: a review","volume":"33","author":"Williams","year":"2013","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib19","first-page":"979","article-title":"A review and discussion of waste tyre pyrolysis and derived products","volume":"2","author":"Nkosi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. World Congr. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15071604","article-title":"Pyrolysis of waste tires: a review","volume":"15","author":"Han","year":"2023","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/437\/1\/012012","article-title":"Possibilities of carbon black recovery from waste tyre pyrolysis to be used as additive in rubber goods -a review","volume":"437","author":"Cardona","year":"2018","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib22","series-title":"IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: Carbon Black, Titanium Dioxide, and Talc","author":"Organization","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.123336","article-title":"Manufacturing of carbon black from spent tyre pyrolysis oil \u2013 a literature review","volume":"279","author":"Okoye","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mser.2010.06.017","article-title":"Carbon spheres","volume":"70","author":"Deshmukh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Materials Science Engineering R Reports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2028","DOI":"10.1039\/b110045a","article-title":"Reaction mechanism of soot formation in flames","volume":"4","author":"Frenklach","year":"2002","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib26","series-title":"Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology","first-page":"761","article-title":"Carbon black, in: Kirk-Othmer","author":"Wang","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/S0141-3910(01)00252-X","article-title":"Effect of carbon black on UV stability of LLDPE films under artificial weathering conditions","volume":"75","author":"Liu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib31","article-title":"Recovered carbon black: a comprehensive review of activation, demineralization, and incorporation in rubber matrices","author":"Silva","year":"2025","journal-title":"Carbon Resour. Convers."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-2370(91)80051-9","article-title":"Natural rubber pyrolysis: study of temperature-and thickness-dependence indicates dimer formation mechanism","volume":"19","author":"Groves","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2018.09.013","article-title":"TG-FTIR and Py-GC\/MS study on pyrolysis mechanism and products distribution of waste bicycle tire","volume":"175","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2020.119038","article-title":"Study of scrap tires pyrolysis \u2013 products distribution and mechanism","volume":"213","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaap.2017.12.016","article-title":"Pyrolysis characteristic and mechanism of waste tyre: a thermogravimetry-mass spectrometry analysis","volume":"129","author":"Han","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2008.04.009","article-title":"Pyrolysis kinetics behavior of solid tire wastes available in Bangladesh","volume":"29","author":"Islam","year":"2009","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3181","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.5b00247","article-title":"Pyrolysis characteristics of waste tire in an analytical pyrolyzer coupled with gas chromatography\/mass spectrometry","volume":"29","author":"Ding","year":"2015","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pecs.2022.101022","article-title":"Tire pyrolysis char: processes, properties, upgrading and applications","volume":"93","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prog. Energy Combust. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2008.01.020","article-title":"Influence of back mixing on the convective drying of residual sludges in a fixed bed","volume":"42","author":"L\u00e9onard","year":"2008","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-2361(90)90193-T","article-title":"The pyrolysis of scrap automotive tyres","volume":"69","author":"Williams","year":"1990","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib42","first-page":"228","article-title":"Pyrolysis characteristics of waste tire particles in fixed-bed reactor with internals","volume":"1","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Carbon Resour. Convers."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2020.01.569","article-title":"Insights into pyrolysis of waste tire in fixed bed reactor: thermal behavior","volume":"31","author":"Taleb","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.113863","article-title":"Slow pyrolysis of end of life tyres (ELTs) grades: effect of temperature on pyro-oil yield and quality","volume":"301","author":"Al-Salem","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2012.06.067","article-title":"Optimization of fuel production from waste vehicle tires by pyrolysis and resembling to diesel fuel by various desulfurization methods","volume":"102","author":"Ayd\u0131n","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaap.2014.11.009","article-title":"Cu-doped catalysts and their impacts on tire-derived oil and sulfur removal","volume":"111","author":"Yuwapornpanit","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1002\/ep.12605","article-title":"Catalysts\u2019 influence on thermochemical decomposition of waste tires","volume":"36","author":"Kordoghli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Prog. Sustain Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2017.06.001","article-title":"Impact of different catalysis supported by oyster shells on the pyrolysis of tyre wastes in a single and a double fixed bed reactor","volume":"67","author":"Kordoghli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/S0032-5910(97)03268-3","article-title":"The fluidized bed pyrolysis of shredded tyres: the influence of carbon particles, humidity, and temperature on the hydrodynamics","volume":"93","author":"Wu","year":"1997","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-5442(01)00003-2","article-title":"Pyrolysis of waste tires in a circulating fluidized-bed reactor","volume":"26","author":"Dai","year":"2001","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2370(00)00129-7","article-title":"Pyrolysis of synthetic tire rubber in a fluidised-bed reactor to yield 1,3-butadiene, styrene and carbon black","author":"Kaminsky","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 5859"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2018.12.014","article-title":"Auger reactors for pyrolysis of biomass and wastes","volume":"102","author":"Campuzano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2013.07.077","article-title":"Demonstration of the waste tire pyrolysis process on pilot scale in a continuous auger reactor","volume":"261","author":"Mart\u00ednez","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hazard Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2020.06.019","article-title":"Waste tire valorization by intermediate pyrolysis using a continuous twin-auger reactor: operational features","volume":"113","author":"Mart\u00ednez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2370(99)00025-X","article-title":"Pyrolysis of solid waste in a rotary kiln: influence of final pyrolysis temperature on the pyrolysis products","volume":"50","author":"Li","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2012.12.005","article-title":"Features of an efficient and environmentally attractive used tyres pyrolysis with energy and material recovery","volume":"20","author":"Antoniou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.140235","article-title":"High-value utilization of waste tires: a review with focus on modified carbon black from pyrolysis","volume":"742","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infrared.2019.103078","article-title":"Research on a new method of multi-zone high temperature point tracking of rotary kiln surface temperature based on equal angle scanning","volume":"103","author":"Dai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infrared Phys. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2018.12.020","article-title":"Study of waste tire pyrolysis in a rotary kiln reactor in a wide range of pyrolysis temperature","volume":"85","author":"Yazdani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1016\/S0956-053X(02)00083-1","article-title":"Pyrolysis process for the treatment of scrap tyres: preliminary experimental results","volume":"22","author":"Galvagno","year":"2002","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaap.2019.03.018","article-title":"Efficiency and proportions of waste tyre pyrolysis products depending on the reactor type\u2014A review","volume":"140","author":"Lewandowski","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1016\/S1872-2067(15)60998-6","article-title":"Derived oil production by catalytic pyrolysis of scrap tires","volume":"37","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin. J. Catal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s43939-025-00193-y","article-title":"Modelling, optimization and characterization of carbon black derived from waste tyre pyrolysis","volume":"5","author":"Ore","year":"2025","journal-title":"Discov. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2025.136801","article-title":"Pyrolysis of waste tires in fluidized bed reactor: pyrolysis characteristics and hazardous elements transformation","volume":"330","author":"Fan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.114868","article-title":"Migration and transformation of sulfur during pyrolysis of waste tires for high-value utilization of poly-generation products","volume":"203","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2025.134663","article-title":"Pyrolysis behavior and production characteristics of limonene in tire pyrolysis: implications for waste valorization","volume":"390","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaap.2025.107046","article-title":"Comparative study on properties of waste tyre pyrolysis oil and its distillates obtained by molecular distillation","volume":"188","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.115468","article-title":"A comprehensive study on the effect of the pyrolysis temperature on the products of the flash pyrolysis of waste tires","volume":"13","author":"Ramani","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2023.145736","article-title":"Effect of heating rates on the fate of sulfur during waste tire pyrolysis","volume":"474","author":"Qu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaap.2004.10.007","article-title":"Pyrolysis of waste tyres in an atmospheric static-bed batch reactor: analysis of the gases obtained","volume":"74","author":"Berrueco","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2370(97)00085-5","article-title":"Composition of oils derived from the batch pyrolysis of tyres","volume":"44","author":"Cunliffe","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2022.115323","article-title":"The role of temperature profile during the pyrolysis of end-of-life-tyres in an industrially relevant conditions auger plant","volume":"317","author":"Sanch\u00eds","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2009.10.001","article-title":"Valorisation of waste tyre by pyrolysis in a moving bed reactor","volume":"30","author":"Ayl\u00f3n","year":"2010","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2015.11.081","article-title":"Opportunities and barriers for producing high quality fuels from the pyrolysis of scrap tires","volume":"56","author":"Hita","year":"2016","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Li, Q. Yao, Y. Chi, J. Yan, K. Cen, Pilot-scale pyrolysis of scrap tires in a continuous rotary kiln, 2004. pp. 5133\u20135145.","DOI":"10.1021\/ie030115m"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1946","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2010.03.029","article-title":"Continuous pyrolysis of waste tyres in a conical spouted bed reactor","volume":"89","author":"L\u00f3pez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2013.02.038","article-title":"Waste tyre pyrolysis \u2013 a review","volume":"23","author":"Mart\u00ednez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2370(02)00017-7","article-title":"Heat-treatment of carbon blacks obtained by pyrolysis of used tires. Effect on the surface chemistry, porosity and electrical conductivity","volume":"67","author":"Pantea","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2370(99)00017-0","article-title":"The vacuum pyrolysis of used tires","volume":"51","author":"Roy","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2021.114105","article-title":"Effect of hot char and steam on products in waste tire pressurized pyrolysis process","volume":"237","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joei.2024.101934","article-title":"Study on waste tires pyrolysis characteristics and high-value oil: effects of pyrolysis parameters and catalyst","volume":"118","author":"Shao","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Energy Inst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2024.134267","article-title":"Parametric investigation of the effects on waste tire pyrolysis oil in a downdraft tube reactor","volume":"314","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib83","first-page":"242","article-title":"Research into fine powder and large particle tyre pyrolysis","volume":"27","author":"Ningbo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Waste Manag. Res. J. a Sustain. Circ. Econ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2009.09.142","article-title":"Tyre char preparation from waste tyre rubber for dye removal from effluents","volume":"175","author":"Mui","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Hazard Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2020.117022","article-title":"Improving coal permeability using microwave heating technology - a review","volume":"266","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2024.114531","article-title":"A review on waste tires pyrolysis for energy and material recovery from the optimization perspective","volume":"199","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaap.2020.104979","article-title":"Microwave fast pyrolysis of waste tires: effect of microwave power on product composition and quality","volume":"155","author":"Bing","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26233","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.5c01592","article-title":"Recent advances on thermochemical recycling of End-of-Life tires and their coblending with waste plastic fractions","volume":"10","author":"Yaghi","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8747","DOI":"10.1007\/s13399-021-01818-x","article-title":"A review on co-pyrolysis of biomass with plastics and tires: recent progress, catalyst development, and scaling up potential","volume":"13","author":"Singh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomass.. Convers. Biorefin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joei.2024.101908","article-title":"Co-pyrolysis of waste plastics and tires: influence of interaction on product oil and gas composition","volume":"118","author":"Alzahrani","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Energy Inst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2025.136812","article-title":"Catalytic co-pyrolysis of hydrolyzed lignin and waste tires over NiMo modified HZSM-5\/MCM-41 composite molecular sieve in microwave fluidized bed for monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons","volume":"329","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19937","DOI":"10.1039\/D5RA03554F","article-title":"Optimizing waste valorization: catalytic co-pyrolysis of cabbage waste and tire waste for enhanced bio-oil and syngas production utilizing char as a reforming catalyst","volume":"15","author":"Tahir","year":"2025","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2025.145030","article-title":"In-situ sulfur fixation mechanism during microwave fluidized-bed co-pyrolysis of waste tires and biomass","volume":"494","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7609","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.4c02777","article-title":"Synergistic effects of waste tires, plastic, and biomass in Pyro-Oil production","volume":"10","author":"Singo","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaap.2025.107090","article-title":"Studies on the changes in the characteristics of co-pyrolysis products of discarded car tires with cotton and polyester textile waste","volume":"189","author":"Dziok","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib96","unstructured":"V.J. Flanigan, Process and apparatus for destructive distillation of rubber, US 7,037,410 B2, 2006."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib97","unstructured":"C.-L. Teng, F.-S. Wang, Intermittent continuous method for recovering refined activated carbon from waste tyres and the like and the device therefor, EP 0 913 360 A1, 1997."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib98","unstructured":"B. Masemore, R. Zarrizski, Process for pyrolyzing tire shreds and tire pyrolysis systems, US 6,736,940 B2, 2004."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib99","unstructured":"H.L. Suominen, Method and equipment for pyrolytic treatment of organic material, US 6,244,198 B1, 2001."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib100","unstructured":"F. Dulger, N. Raeder, Process and apparatus for multistage thermal treatment of rubber waste, in particular scrap tires, US 2013\/0064754 A1, 2013."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib101","unstructured":"A.D.E. MacIntosh, V.W.Y. Wong, Method of reclaiming carbonaceous materials from scrap tires and products derived therefrom, US 8,349,285 B2, 2013."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib102","unstructured":"W.L. Ullom, Zone - delineated pyrolysis apparatus for conversion of polymer waste, US 10,731,081 B2, 2020. https:\/\/patents.google.com\/patent\/US8951682B2\/en."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib103","unstructured":"F. Apffel, Recovery process, US 4,839,151, 1989."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib104","unstructured":"A. Burkhart, F. Liu, C. Recker, I. Soetbeer, B. Ramani, A. Anjum, E. Bramer, G. Brem, W. Dierkes, Process for the production of carbon black from waste, carbon black produced by the process, process for the production of a rubber mixture, and rubber mixture containing the carbon black and vehicle tires, EP 4 050 085 A1, 2022."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib105","unstructured":"W.R. Keough, Apparatus and process for the pyrolysis of tires, US 4,648,328, 1987."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib106","unstructured":"C.A. Holley, Method for recovering carbon black from composites, US 5,728,361, 1998."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib107","unstructured":"C.-Y. Wu, J.-Y. Chang, Continuous pyrolysis system and its application, US 2011\/0107668 A1, 2011."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib108","unstructured":"C.M. Twigg, J. Damster, A method for processing mixed rubber waste streams and carbon black powder obtained, WO 2021\/158109 A1, 2021."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib109","unstructured":"B. Masemore, R. Zarrizski, Apparatus for pyrolyzing tire shreds and tre pyrolysis systemis, US 7,329,329 B2, 2008."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib110","unstructured":"G.W. Denison, Apparatus for recovering marketable products from scrap rubber, US 7,416,641 B2, 2008."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib111","unstructured":"J. Morlec, C. Hamon, Method of manufacture of carbon black by pyrolysis of rubber waste previously ground and from which the scrap has been removed, US 5,853,687, 1998."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib112","unstructured":"O. Herbold, D. Dittloff, Apparatus for the pyrolysis of waste products, US 4,062,304, 1977."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib113","unstructured":"M. Ballantine, F. Reed, E. Stammel, System and method for thermally reducing solid and liquid waste and for recovering waste heat, US 6,758,150 B2, 2004."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib114","unstructured":"K.-P. Schulz, Thermal reactor, US 9,404,042 B2, 2016."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib115","unstructured":"O. Herbold, D. Dittloff, Method and apparatus for the pyrolysis of waste products, US 4,084,521, 1978."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib116","unstructured":"A. Burkhart, F. Liu, Process for the production of carbon black from waste, EP 4 101 909 A1, 2022."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib117","unstructured":"L.J. Ruiz Herrera, Thermolysis system and method for obtaining recovered carbon black and fuel from disused tires, US 2022\/0251392 A1, 2022."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib118","unstructured":"A.S. Gradov, E.S. Susekov, S.P. Susekov, Device for processing scrap rubber, US 10,428,277 B2, 2019."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib119","unstructured":"J.-L. Pech, Method for treating carbonaceous materials by vapor thermolysis, US 2016\/0083657 A1, 2016."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib120","unstructured":"E.S. Susekov, A.S. Gradov, Device for production of soot from rubber waste, US 9,346,030 B2, 2016."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib121","unstructured":"K.W. Hamby, J.B. Kelly, J. Kuhn, Pyrolyzed rubber products and processes, US 2008\/0286192 A1, 2008."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib122","unstructured":"V.B. Khusidman, V. Jorjadze, T. Marsagishvili, A. Peikrishvili, G. Tatishvili, System and method for tire conversion into carbon black, liquid and gaseous products, US 9,663,662 B1, 2017."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib123","unstructured":"B.P. Faulkner, R.J. Unterweger, R.W. Haansen, Pyrolysis process for reclaiming desirable materials from vehicle tires, US 6,221,329 B1, 2001."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib124","unstructured":"A.H.A. Verberne, J.A. Jonkman, C.M. Twigg, A method for obtaining a carbon black powder by pyrolyzing scrap rubber, the carbon black thus obtained and the use thereof, WO 2013\/095145 A1, 2013."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib125","unstructured":"M.K. Clemons, J.D. Middleton, Process and system for pyrolysis of tires to fuels and other products, WO 2016\/112371 A1, 2016."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib126","unstructured":"F.A. Breu, Pyrolytic conversion system, US 5,225,044, 1993."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib127","unstructured":"J. Affolter, R. Bovey, J.-P. Vuille, Process for the treatment of used rubber and plastics, US 6,046,370, 2000."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib128","unstructured":"W. tak Chu, W. Hui, Z.Q. Wu, K.L. Lee, C.M. Lee, Apparatus and method for pyrolysis of scrap tyres and the like, US 2009\/0120335 A1, 2009."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib129","unstructured":"T. Gauthier, R. Digne, Process for converting waste plastics in the presence of a solvent, resulting from the conversion of used tyres, US 2021\/0301145 A1, 2021."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib130","unstructured":"J. Horn, D.F. Kapral, W.J. Langley, T.A. Reynolds, Pyrolysis process and products, US 9,777,159 B2, 2017."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib131","unstructured":"L.B. Wakefield, G. Crane, E.L. Kay, Production of a char reinforcing agent from pyrolyzed scrap rubber, US 3,823,221, 1974."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib132","unstructured":"P. Soroka, A method and apparatus for manufacturing of carbon black\/mineral filler from scrap tires and a carbon black\/mineral filler, EP 2 465 904 A1, 2012. http:\/\/info.sipcc.net\/files\/patent\/fulltext\/EP\/200605\/EP2099194A1\/EP2099194A1.PDF."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib133","unstructured":"K.-P. Schulz, Pyrolysis method and apparatus for carrying out the method, WO 2010\/127664 A1, 2010."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib134","unstructured":"R.W. Chambers, Scrap-tire feeding and coking process, US 4,030,984, 1977."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib135","unstructured":"R.E. Nichols, A.M. Levine, J.E. Langlois, Low energy method of pyrolysis of hydrocarbon materials such as rubber, US 7,341,646 B2, 2008."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib136","unstructured":"M. Ali, S.F. Shariff, C.J. Webb, Pyrolysis process for decomposing rubber products, US 8,425,731 B2, 2013."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C.Y. Park, H.J. Park, Heat recovery system, US 8,354,070 B2, 2013.","DOI":"10.3904\/kjm.2013.85.4.354"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib138","unstructured":"G.A. Carreira, Pyrolysis plant, EP 3 627 050 B1, 2018."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib139","unstructured":"T.P. Karpetsky, R.W. Mengel, Pyrolytic conversion of scrap tires to carbon products, US 7,497,929 B2, 2009."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib140","unstructured":"P. Maruhnic, R.H. Wolk, C.A. Battista, Recovering carbon back from waste rubber, US 3,978,199, 1976."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib141","unstructured":"C.D. Hanson, T.B. Burrel, J.I. Haworth, J.A. Olson, Pyrolysis method for increasing limonene production and novel oven to facilitate such method, US 6,149,881, 2000."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667_bib142","unstructured":"H.M. Tan, T.K. Tan, Plasma pyrolysis system and method for tyres, WO 2013\/184074 A1, 2013."}],"container-title":["Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2213343725033639?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2213343725033639?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T16:08:32Z","timestamp":1772899712000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2213343725033639"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"references-count":136,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S2213343725033639"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667","relation":{},"ISSN":["2213-3437"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2213-3437","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Advances in the pyrolysis of end-of-life tires: A critical review of reactor systems, process conditions and industrial applications","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118667","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"118667"}}