{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T22:02:05Z","timestamp":1790805725571,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":22,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004748","name":"Mashhad University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004748","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105660","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T16:02:03Z","timestamp":1790611323000},"page":"105660","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Predicting Arterial Stiffness from Retinal Microvasculature: A Machine Learning Approach Integrating OCTA Imaging and Clinical Parameters"],"prefix":"10.1016","author":[{"given":"Mohammadreza","family":"Hoseinkhani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esmat","family":"Ramezanzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3544-0105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naser","family":"Shoeibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105660_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2588","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehl254","article-title":"Expert consensus document on arterial stiffness: methodological issues and clinical applications","volume":"27","author":"Laurent","year":"2006","journal-title":"European heart journal"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105660_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2009.10.061","article-title":"Prediction of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality with arterial stiffness: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"55","author":"Vlachopoulos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of the American College of Cardiology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105660_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.09.063","article-title":"Aortic pulse wave velocity improves cardiovascular event prediction: an individual participant meta-analysis of prospective observational data from 17,635 subjects","volume":"63","author":"Ben-Shlomo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of the American College of Cardiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105660_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1161\/HYP.0000000000000033","article-title":"Recommendations for improving and standardizing vascular research on arterial stiffness: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"66","author":"Townsend","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105660_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2338","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehq165","article-title":"Determinants of pulse wave velocity in healthy people and in the presence of cardiovascular risk factors:\u2018establishing normal and reference values","volume":"31","author":"RVfAS","year":"2010","journal-title":"European heart journal"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105660_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.555235","article-title":"Arterial stiffness and risk of coronary heart disease and stroke: the Rotterdam Study","volume":"113","author":"Mattace-Raso","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105660_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.886655","article-title":"Arterial stiffness and cardiovascular events: the Framingham Heart Study","volume":"121","author":"Mitchell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105660_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.137653","article-title":"Dissociation of aortic pulse wave velocity with risk factors for cardiovascular disease other than hypertension: a systematic review","volume":"54","author":"Cecelja","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105660_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.2005.00288.x","article-title":"Systemic associations of retinal microvascular signs: a review of recent population-based studies","volume":"25","author":"Wong","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105660_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.189142","article-title":"Retinal microvasculature as a model to study the manifestations of hypertension","volume":"60","author":"Cheung","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105660_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.25.6.1322","article-title":"Hypertensive retinopathy in Afro-Caribbeans and Europeans: prevalence and risk factor relationships","volume":"25","author":"Sharp","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105660_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1984","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehm221","article-title":"Retinal vessel diameter and cardiovascular mortality: pooled data analysis from two older populations","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"European heart journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105660_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2014.3616","article-title":"Retinal vascular layers imaged by fluorescein angiography and optical coherence tomography angiography","volume":"133","author":"Spaide","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA ophthalmology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105660_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4710","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.20.004710","article-title":"Split-spectrum amplitude-decorrelation angiography with optical coherence tomography","volume":"20","author":"Jia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Optics express"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105660_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-012-0283-6","article-title":"Current epidemiology of diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema","volume":"12","author":"Ding","year":"2012","journal-title":"Current diabetes reports"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105660_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2900","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.02-1114","article-title":"Relationships between age, blood pressure, and retinal vessel diameters in an older population","volume":"44","author":"Leung","year":"2003","journal-title":"Investigative ophthalmology & visual science"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105660_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2013.06.009","article-title":"Microvascular network alterations in the retina of patients with Alzheimer's disease","volume":"10","author":"Cheung","year":"2014","journal-title":"Alzheimer's & Dementia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105660_bib0018","series-title":"Macular Surgery","author":"Quiroz-Mercado","year":"2012"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105660_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000199104.61945.33","article-title":"Retinal vessel diameters and risk of hypertension: the Rotterdam Study","volume":"47","author":"Ikram","year":"2006","journal-title":"hypertension"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105660_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000001259","article-title":"Microvascular structure as a prognostically relevant endpoint","volume":"35","author":"Agabiti-Rosei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Hypertension"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105660_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1606181","article-title":"Predicting the future\u2014big data, machine learning, and clinical medicine","volume":"375","author":"Obermeyer","year":"2016","journal-title":"The New England journal of medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105660_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0300-7","article-title":"High-performance medicine: the convergence of human and artificial intelligence","volume":"25","author":"Topol","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105660_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010933404324","volume":"45","author":"Breiman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Random Forests Mach. Learn."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105660_bib0024","first-page":"1189","article-title":"Greedy function approximation: a gradient boosting machine","author":"Friedman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annals of statistics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105660_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1996.tb02080.x","article-title":"Regression shrinkage and selection via the lasso","volume":"58","author":"Tibshirani","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B: Statistical Methodology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105660_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-018-0195-0","article-title":"Prediction of cardiovascular risk factors from retinal fundus photographs via deep learning","volume":"2","author":"Poplin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature biomedical engineering"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105660_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-020-00626-4","article-title":"A deep-learning system for the assessment of cardiovascular disease risk via the measurement of retinal-vessel calibre","volume":"5","author":"Cheung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature biomedical engineering"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105660_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1186\/s40942-024-00616-7","article-title":"The relationship of macular vessel density and foveal avascular zone with pulse wave velocity and central blood pressure in healthy adults: Persian cohort study","volume":"10","author":"Heidarzadeh","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Journal of Retina and Vitreous"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105660_bib0029","article-title":"A unified approach to interpreting model predictions","volume":"30","author":"Lundberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Advances in neural information processing systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105660_bib0030","series-title":"Proceedings of the 22nd ACM SIGKDD international conference on knowledge discovery and data mining","article-title":"Why should i trust you?\" Explaining the predictions of any classifier","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105660_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bea.2025.100180","article-title":"Automated detection of hard exudates in retinal fundus images for diabetic retinopathy screening using textural-based radon transform and morphology reconstruction","volume":"9","author":"Ramezanzadeh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomedical Engineering Advances"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105660_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/2057-1976\/addfdc","article-title":"A high-accuracy hybrid method for detecting retinal blood vessel changes across different phases of fluorescein angiography in diabetic retinopathy patients","volume":"11","author":"Ramezanzadeh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomedical Physics & Engineering Express"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105660_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105522","article-title":"Precise Staging of Diabetic Retinopathy Through Machine Learning Analysis of Leakage Source Characteristics: A Radiomics-Driven Approach Integrating OCT-A and FFA","author":"Ramezanzadeh","year":"2026","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105660_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.70049","article-title":"Machine Learning Prediction Model for Carotid-Femoral Pulse Wave Velocity in Cardiovascular Health Assessments","volume":"27","author":"Xin","year":"2025","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Hypertension"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105660_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.70017","article-title":"Research on Prediction Model of Carotid-Femoral Pulse Wave Velocity: Based on Machine Learning Algorithm","volume":"27","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Hypertension"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105660_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0258(19960229)15:4<361::AID-SIM168>3.0.CO;2-4","article-title":"Multivariable prognostic models: issues in developing models, evaluating assumptions and adequacy, and measuring and reducing errors","volume":"15","author":"Harrell","year":"1996","journal-title":"Statistics in medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105660_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v036.i11","article-title":"Feature selection with the Boruta package","volume":"36","author":"Kursa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of statistical software"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105660_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1109\/34.531803","article-title":"Texture features for browsing and retrieval of image data","volume":"18","author":"Manjunath","year":"1996","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105660_bib0039","first-page":"97","article-title":"Approaches for quantification of OCT Angiography data","author":"Schmetterer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmologica"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105660_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5724","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.8.005724","article-title":"Gabor optical coherence tomographic angiography (GOCTA)(Part I): human retinal imaging in vivo","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomedical optics express"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105660_bib0041","article-title":"Blood vessel segmentation in en-face OCTA images: a frequency based method","author":"Breger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Medical Imaging 2022: Computer-Aided Diagnosis"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105660_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehq431","article-title":"Fractal analysis of retinal microvasculature and coronary heart disease mortality","volume":"32","author":"Liew","year":"2011","journal-title":"European heart journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105660_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-1233","article-title":"Quantitative assessment of early diabetic retinopathy using fractal analysis","volume":"32","author":"Cheung","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes care"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105660_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.59.11.649","article-title":"Early breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier in diabetes","volume":"59","author":"Cunha-Vaz","year":"1975","journal-title":"British Journal of Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105660_bib0045","first-page":"1124","article-title":"Blood velocity and volumetric flow rate in human retinal vessels","volume":"26","author":"Riva","year":"1985","journal-title":"Investigative ophthalmology & visual science"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105660_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000048892.83521.58","article-title":"Arterial and cardiac aging: major shareholders in cardiovascular disease enterprises: Part I: aging arteries: a \u201cset up\u201d for vascular disease","volume":"107","author":"Lakatta","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105660_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.37.5.1236","article-title":"Aortic stiffness is an independent predictor of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in hypertensive patients","volume":"37","author":"Laurent","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105660_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2015.05.007","volume":"241","author":"Vlachopoulos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105660_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.287.9.1153","article-title":"Retinal arteriolar narrowing and risk of coronary heart disease in men and women: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study","volume":"287","author":"Wong","year":"2002","journal-title":"Jama"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105660_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1873","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI119354","article-title":"Impaired microvascular dilatation and capillary rarefaction in young adults with a predisposition to high blood pressure","volume":"99","author":"Noon","year":"1997","journal-title":"The Journal of clinical investigation"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105660_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1161\/hc3101.091158","article-title":"Microcirculation in hypertension: a new target for treatment?","volume":"104","author":"Levy","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105660_bib0052","author":"Holzinger","year":"2017","journal-title":"What do we need to build explainable AI systems for the medical domain?"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105660_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.13.7.10","article-title":"Deep learning-based vascular aging prediction from retinal fundus images","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Translational Vision Science & Technology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105660_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gft309","article-title":"Assessment of arterial stiffness for clinical and epidemiological studies: methodological considerations for validation and entry into the European Renal and Cardiovascular Medicine registry","volume":"29","author":"Boutouyrie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105660_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artres.2010.03.001","article-title":"ARTERY Society guidelines for validation of non-invasive haemodynamic measurement devices: Part 1, arterial pulse wave velocity","volume":"4","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Artery Research"}],"container-title":["Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1572100026003273?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1572100026003273?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T21:47:55Z","timestamp":1790804875000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1572100026003273"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":55,"alternative-id":["S1572100026003273"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105660","relation":{},"ISSN":["1572-1000"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1572-1000","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Predicting Arterial Stiffness from Retinal Microvasculature: A Machine Learning Approach Integrating OCTA Imaging and Clinical Parameters","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105660","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"105660"}}