{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T23:24:44Z","timestamp":1774049084227,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/000760\/2020-10.54499\/UIDB\/00760\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/000760\/2020-10.54499\/UIDB\/00760\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CEECIND\/00420\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/00420\/2022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024.01436"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024.01436"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022.09590"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.09590"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["C644936001-00000045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C644936001-00000045"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Renewable Energy Focus"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ref.2026.100833","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T17:00:45Z","timestamp":1772643645000},"page":"100833","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Enhancing smart distribution network expansion: Integrating storage and electric vehicle park placement in an emission-aware multi-period stochastic model"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"58","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2484-2850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F\u00e1bio","family":"Castro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Canizes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Zita","family":"Vale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ref.2026.100833_b0005","unstructured":"International Energy Agency (IEA). World Energy Outlook 2023 2023. https:\/\/www.iea.org\/reports\/world-energy-outlook-2023 (accessed October 22, 2025)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ref.2026.100833_b0010","unstructured":"European Comission. The European Green Deal 2019. https:\/\/commission.europa.eu\/strategy-and-policy\/priorities-2019-2024\/european-green-deal_en (accessed October 22, 2025)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ref.2026.100833_b0015","article-title":"A review of uncertainty management approaches for active distribution system planning","volume":"205","author":"V","year":"2024","journal-title":"Renew. Sustainable Energy Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ref.2026.100833_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2023.114062","article-title":"Distribution network expansion planning: An updated review of current methods and new challenges","volume":"189","author":"Rastgou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Renew. Sustainable Energy Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ref.2026.100833_b0025","unstructured":"Europa. DIRECTIVE (EU) 2023\/2413 2023."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ref.2026.100833_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2022.119885","article-title":"Impact of imperfect foresight on the optimal DER deployment, remuneration and policy","volume":"326","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ref.2026.100833_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/TSTE.2023.3261599","article-title":"A Risk-based planning approach for sustainable distribution systems considering EV charging stations and carbon taxes","author":"de Lima","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Sustain Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ref.2026.100833_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2021.103057","article-title":"Optimizing electric bus charging infrastructure considering power matching and seasonality","volume":"100","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transp. Res. D Transp. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ref.2026.100833_b0045","series-title":"2023 International Conference on Future Energy Solutions (FES)","first-page":"1","article-title":"A Brief Review on Optimal Network Planning Considering Energy Storage Systems and Uncertainty","author":"Castro","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ref.2026.100833_b0050","unstructured":"IEA. Electricity Grids and Secure Energy Transitions. IEA, Paris (2023). https:\/\/www.iea.org\/reports\/electricity-grids-and-secure-energy-transitions\u00a0; License: CC BY 4.0 (accessed August 5, 2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ref.2026.100833_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2015.08.042","article-title":"Photovoltaic penetration issues and impacts in distribution network \u2013 A review","volume":"53","author":"Karimi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Renew. Sustainable Energy Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ref.2026.100833_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2016.04.029","article-title":"Strategic approach for reinforcement of intermittent renewable energy sources and capacitor bank for sustainable electric power distribution system","volume":"83","author":"Kayal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Electrical Power and Energy Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ref.2026.100833_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2018.12.042","article-title":"A stochastic mixed-integer convex programming model for long-term distribution system expansion planning considering greenhouse gas emission mitigation","volume":"108","author":"Home-Ortiz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Electrical Power and Energy Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ref.2026.100833_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2021.106925","article-title":"Investment & generation costs vs CO2 emissions in the distribution system expansion planning: A multi-objective stochastic programming approach","volume":"131","author":"de Lima","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Electrical Power and Energy Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ref.2026.100833_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1007\/s12667-017-0254-8","article-title":"Optimal siting and sizing of renewable energy sources, storage devices, and reactive support devices to obtain a sustainable electrical distribution systems","volume":"9","author":"Melgar Dominguez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energy Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ref.2026.100833_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G. Liu, X. Wang, Y. Zhao, W. Tang, Y. Xu, X. Shen, Optimal Distribution Network Planning for Massive Distributed Resources Accommodation. I and CPS Asia 2022 - 2022 IEEE IAS Industrial and Commercial Power System Asia, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.; 2022, p. 1650\u20134. doi: 10.1109\/ICPSAsia55496.2022.9949851.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPSAsia55496.2022.9949851"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ref.2026.100833_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3910","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2023.02.082","article-title":"Optimal planning and operation of distribution systems using network reconfiguration and flexibility services","volume":"9","author":"Marquez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energy Reports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ref.2026.100833_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2023.07.014","article-title":"Optimal planning and forecasting of active distribution networks using a multi-stage deep learning based technique","volume":"10","author":"Ahmad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energy Reports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ref.2026.100833_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/wevj14040104","article-title":"Optimal planning of electric vehicle charging stations considering traffic load for smart cities","volume":"14","author":"Campa\u00f1a","year":"2023","journal-title":"World Electric Vehicle J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ref.2026.100833_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s42162-021-00157-5","article-title":"Joint Optimal allocation of electric vehicle charging stations and renewable energy sources including CO2 emissions","volume":"4","author":"de Lima","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy Informatics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ref.2026.100833_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2021.116880","article-title":"Framework for optimization of long-term, multi-period investment planning of integrated urban energy systems","volume":"292","author":"van Beuzekom","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ref.2026.100833_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2019.04.017","article-title":"A multi-period MILP model for the investment and design planning of a national-level complex renewable energy supply system","volume":"141","author":"Han","year":"2019","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ref.2026.100833_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2019.02.006","article-title":"Optimal expansion planning considering storage investment and seasonal effect of demand and renewable generation","volume":"138","author":"Canizes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ref.2026.100833_b0120","series-title":"2023 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe (ISGT EUROPE)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Hourly uncertainty applied to optimal expansion planning considering energy storage and seasonal network impacts","author":"Castro","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ref.2026.100833_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"REN. REN datahub 2025. https:\/\/datahub.ren.pt\/pt\/ (accessed June 13, 2025).","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13122935"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ref.2026.100833_b0135","unstructured":"DGEG. DGEG Estat\u00edstica 2022. https:\/\/www.dgeg.gov.pt\/pt\/estatistica\/energia\/eletricidade\/producao-anual-e-potencia-instalada\/ (accessed August 5, 2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ref.2026.100833_b0125","article-title":"Optimizing smart distribution network expansion incorporating the seasonal impacts, CO2 emissions and resources remuneration: a multi-stage stochastic framework","volume":"44","author":"Castro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Energy Proceed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ref.2026.100833_b0140","unstructured":"BloombergNEF. Cost of New Renewables Temporarily Rises as Inflation Starts to Bite 2022. https:\/\/about.bnef.com\/blog\/cost-of-new-renewables-temporarily-rises-as-inflation-starts-to-bite\/ (accessed August 5, 2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ref.2026.100833_b0145","unstructured":"LAZARD. Levelized Cost Of Energy, Levelized Cost Of Storage, and Levelized Cost Of Hydrogen 2020. https:\/\/www.lazard.com\/perspective\/levelized-cost-of-energy-levelized-cost-of-storage-and-levelized-cost-of-hydrogen-2020\/ (accessed August 5, 2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ref.2026.100833_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"F. Castro, B. Canizes, J. Soares, M. J. Rider, Z. Vale. Distributed Resources Remuneration on a Medium Voltage Network with Uncertainty and Seasonal Impacts (2024) pp. 158\u2013174. doi: 10.1007\/978-3-031-48652-4_11.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-48652-4_11"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ref.2026.100833_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2025.125531","article-title":"Risk-based optimal network planning considering resources remuneration and daily uncertainty","volume":"386","author":"Castro","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ref.2026.100833_b0160","unstructured":"IEA. IEA Energy Emission Rates 2022. https:\/\/www.iea.org\/data-and-statistics\/data-tools\/greenhouse-gas-emissions-from-energy-data-explorer (accessed August 5, 2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ref.2026.100833_b0165","series-title":"2019 IEEE PES Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies, ISGT Latin America 2019","article-title":"A Stochastic Programming Model for the Planning of Distribution Systems Considering Renewable Distributed Generation and CO2 Emissions","author":"De Lima","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ref.2026.100833_b0170","unstructured":"Brookings. Official USA Social Cost of Carbon 2023. https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/articles\/what-is-the-social-cost-of-carbon\/ (accessed July 10, 2025)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ref.2026.100833_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2024.118734","article-title":"Comprehensive framework for distribution network multi-investment expansion planning: emissions, uncertainty, and resource remuneration integration","volume":"316","author":"Castro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ref.2026.100833_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2017.02.010","article-title":"Optimal reconfiguration of distribution system connected with distributed generations: A review of different methodologies","volume":"73","author":"Badran","year":"2017","journal-title":"Renew. Sustainable Energy Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ref.2026.100833_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H. Dai, N. Li, Y. Wang, X. Zhao. The Analysis of Three Main Investment Criteria: NPV IRR and Payback Period (2022). doi: 10.2991\/aebmr.k.220307.028.","DOI":"10.2991\/aebmr.k.220307.028"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ref.2026.100833_b0190","unstructured":"CEIC. CEIC Discount Rate Data 2024. https:\/\/www.ceicdata.com\/pt\/indicator\/portugal\/long-term-interest-rate(accessed August 5, 2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ref.2026.100833_b0195","unstructured":"F. Castro, B. Canizes, J. Soares, J. Almeida, B. Francois, Z. Vale. 180-Bus Medium Voltage Distribution Network Data 2023. doi: 10.5281\/zenodo.10371848."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ref.2026.100833_b0200","unstructured":"Mittermeier F. Operating manual Operating manual HDG K10-33-Content 3 Content. n.d."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ref.2026.100833_b0205","unstructured":"A. De Vita, P. Capros, L. Paroussos, K. Fragkiadakis, P. Karkatsoulis, H.-I. Lena, et al. EU reference scenario 2020\u00a0: energy, transport and GHG emissions\u00a0: trends to 2050. Publications Office of the European Union; 2021."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ref.2026.100833_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M.L. Bynum, G.A. Hackebeil, W.E. Hart, C.D. Laird, B.L. Nicholson, J.D. Siirola, et al. Pyomo \u2014 Optimization Modeling in Python. vol. 67. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2021. doi: 10.1007\/978-3-030-68928-5.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-68928-5_5"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ref.2026.100833_b0215","unstructured":"Gurobi Optimization L. Gurobi Optimizer Reference Manual 2023. https:\/\/www.gurobi.com (accessed January 22, 2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ref.2026.100833_b0220","unstructured":"Tracemalloc. Tracemalloc Library 2023. https:\/\/docs.python.org\/3\/library\/tracemalloc.html (accessed January 22, 2024)."}],"container-title":["Renewable Energy Focus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1755008426000256?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1755008426000256?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T22:48:02Z","timestamp":1774046882000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1755008426000256"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":44,"alternative-id":["S1755008426000256"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ref.2026.100833","relation":{},"ISSN":["1755-0084"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1755-0084","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Enhancing smart distribution network expansion: Integrating storage and electric vehicle park placement in an emission-aware multi-period stochastic model","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Renewable Energy Focus","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ref.2026.100833","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100833"}}