{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T12:14:13Z","timestamp":1776168853600,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773014400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/6438\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/6438\/2025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018693","name":"Horizon Europe","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F-DUT-2023-0154"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F-DUT-2023-0154"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018693","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CENTRO2030-FEDER-02402700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CENTRO2030-FEDER-02402700"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007048","name":"EEA Grants","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FBR_OC2_80"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FBR_OC2_80"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007048","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sustainable Cities and Society"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T17:32:35Z","timestamp":1773250355000},"page":"107294","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Worldwide assessment of green roofs retention using general linear models and multivariate adaptive regression splines"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"142","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4122-4137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Meireles","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ver\u00f4nica","family":"Brand\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Vitor","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ruby N.","family":"Michael","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ana Cl\u00e1udia","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2024.130974","article-title":"Impacts of slope and length on the hydrological performance of green roof drainage mats","volume":"632","author":"Abdalla","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Hydrology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5917","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-25-5917-2021","article-title":"Evaluating different machine learning methods to simulate runoff from extensive green roofs","volume":"25","author":"Abdalla","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hydrology and Earth System Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2024.128320","article-title":"How nature-based solutions can enhance urban resilience to flooding and climate change and provide other co-benefits: A systematic review and taxonomy","volume":"95","author":"Aghaloo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Urban Forestry & Urban Greening"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.2166\/bgs.2022.016","article-title":"Impact of design variables on hydrologic and thermal performance of green, blue-green and blue roofs","volume":"4","author":"Almaaitah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blue-Green Systems"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1111\/rssb.12377","article-title":"Visualizing the effects of predictor variables in black box supervised learning models","volume":"82","author":"Apley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B: Statistical Methodology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2019.109920","article-title":"Assessment of a green roof practice using the coupled SWMM and HYDRUS models","volume":"261","author":"Baek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Management"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2886","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2018.283","article-title":"The influence of a green roof drainage layer on retention capacity and leakage quality","volume":"77","author":"Bary\u0142a","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water Science and Technology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-023-02549-6","article-title":"High-resolution (1 km) K\u00f6ppen-Geiger maps for 1901\u20132099 based on constrained CMIP6 projections","volume":"10","author":"Beck","year":"2023","journal-title":"Scientific Data"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2014.12.015","article-title":"Water quality and quantity investigation of green roofs in a dry climate","volume":"70","author":"Beecham","year":"2015","journal-title":"Water Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2016.03.062","article-title":"Experimental investigation of the thermal performances of an extensive green roof in the Mediterranean area","volume":"122","author":"Bevilacqua","year":"2016","journal-title":"Energy and Buildings"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2017.02.025","article-title":"Wet season hydrological performance of green roofs using native species under Mediterranean climate","volume":"102","author":"Brand\u00e3o","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecological Engineering"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)IR.1943-4774.0000185","article-title":"Effect of Roof Surface Type on Storm-Water Runoff from Full-Scale Roofs in a Temperate Climate","volume":"137","author":"Carpenter","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2022.135032","article-title":"Recycled agricultural plastic waste as green roof drainage layer within the perspective of ecological transition for the built environment","volume":"380","author":"Cascone","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Cleaner Production"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2018.10.024","article-title":"The evapotranspiration process in green roofs: A review","volume":"147","author":"Cascone","year":"2019","journal-title":"Building and Environment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0016","first-page":"1","article-title":"The analysis of green roof\u2019s runoff volumes and its water quality in an experimental study in Porto Alegre, Southern Brazil","author":"Castro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2022.127631","article-title":"Performance of native succulents, forbs, and grasses on an extensive green roof over four years in subtropical Australia","volume":"74","author":"Chell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Urban Forestry & Urban Greening"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0018","article-title":"Effects of slopes on the stormwater attenuation performance in extensive green roof","volume":"164","author":"Chow","year":"2018","journal-title":"IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2009.12.014","article-title":"Green roof performance towards management of runoff water quantity and quality: a review","volume":"36","author":"Czemiel Berndtsson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ecological Engineering"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.2166\/bgs.2024.021","article-title":"Exploring the role of pedological and climatic aspects in the medium-term decline of green roofs hydrological performance: an experimental study in a Mediterranean environment","volume":"6","author":"D\u2019Ambrosio","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blue-Green Systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0021","article-title":"2024\/3019 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 November 2024 concerning urban wastewater treatment (recast) (Text with EEA relevance)","year":"2024","journal-title":"Official Journal of the European Union"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2025.106261","article-title":"Assessing the potential for green roof retrofitting: A systematic review of methods, indicators and data sources","volume":"123","author":"Dong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sustainable Cities and Society"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1007\/s11252-008-0064-9","article-title":"Influence of vegetation composition on runoff in two simulated green roof experiments","volume":"11","author":"Dunnett","year":"2008","journal-title":"Urban Ecosystems"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2023.104707","article-title":"On the identification of most appropriate green roof types for urbanized cities using multi-tier decision analysis: A case study of Istanbul, Turkey","volume":"96","author":"Ekmekcio\u011flu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sustainable Cities and Society"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0025","series-title":"Storm Water Management Model User's Manual Version 5.2. EPA\/600\/R-22\/030 Revised February 2022, Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, Office of Research and Development","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2013.03.004","article-title":"4 Living roofs in 3 locations: Does configuration affect runoff mitigation?","volume":"490","author":"Fassman-Beck","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Hydrology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2016.06.021","article-title":"Water retention, wash-out, substrate and surface temperatures of extensive green roof mesocosms\u2014Results from a two year study in SW-Germany","volume":"94","author":"Franzaring","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecological Engineering"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0028","first-page":"1","article-title":"Multivariate adaptive regression splines","volume":"19","author":"Friedman","year":"1991","journal-title":"The Annals of Statistics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2023.134442","article-title":"Eco-friendly green roof solutions: Investigating volcanic ash as a viable alternative to traditional substrates","volume":"411","author":"Gagliano","year":"2024","journal-title":"Construction and Building Materials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0030","article-title":"Experimental and numerical investigation on rainwater management of dual substrate layer green roofs using biochar-amended soil","author":"Gan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2007.06.004","article-title":"Quantifying the effect of slope on extensive green roof stormwater retention","volume":"31","author":"Getter","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ecological Engineering"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.3390\/w10091217","article-title":"Factors affecting runoff retention performance of extensive green roofs","volume":"10","author":"Gong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.06.100","article-title":"Performance assessment of extensive green roof runoff flow and quality control capacity based on pilot experiments","volume":"687","author":"Gong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"issue":"PA","key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2013.09.030","article-title":"The water retention capabilities of growing media for green roofs","volume":"61","author":"Graceson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecological Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2014.09.080","article-title":"Scale dynamics of extensive green roofs: Quantifying the effect of drainage area and rainfall characteristics on observed and modeled green roof hydrologic performance","volume":"73","author":"Hakimdavar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecological Engineering"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0001534","article-title":"Influences of Four Extensive Green Roof Design Variables on Stormwater Hydrology","volume":"22","author":"Hill","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Hydrologic Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0036","series-title":"IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 28.0 [Computer software]","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.176029","article-title":"Recycled waste substrates: A systematic review","volume":"953","author":"Kader","year":"2024","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"issue":"2024","key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0038","first-page":"18","article-title":"Exploring the cooling potential of green roofs for mitigating diurnal heat island intensity by utilizing lidar and artificial neural network","volume":"116","author":"Kafy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sustainable Cities and Society"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2022.109776","article-title":"Water permeability, water retention capacity, and thermal resistance of green roof layers made with recycled and artificial aggregates","volume":"227","author":"Kazemi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Building and Environment"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1007\/s11252-018-0822-2","article-title":"The influence of plant type on green roof rainfall retention","volume":"22","author":"Kemp","year":"2019","journal-title":"Urban Ecosystems"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v028.i05","article-title":"Building predictive models in R using the caret package","volume":"28","author":"Kuhn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2021.106388","article-title":"Vegetated roofs for managing stormwater quantity in cold climate","volume":"171","author":"Kuoppam\u00e4ki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecological Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0043","article-title":"Green roofs in the humid subtropics: The role of environmental and design factors on stormwater retention and peak reduction","volume":"858","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.128133","article-title":"Effect of rice husk addition on the physicochemical and hydrological properties on green roof substrates under subtropical climate conditions","volume":"315","author":"Liberalesso","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Cleaner Production"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0045","article-title":"Modelling the hydrological responses of green roofs under different substrate designs and rainfall characteristics using a simple water balance model","volume":"602","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Hydrology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.11044","article-title":"Hydrologic response of engineered media in living roofs and bioretention to large rainfalls: experiments and modeling","volume":"31","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hydrological Processes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2018.11.066","article-title":"The influence of structural factors on stormwater runoff retention of extensive green roofs: new evidence from scale-based models and real experiments","volume":"569","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Hydrology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2019.07.033","article-title":"Runoff retention assessment for extensive green roofs and prioritization of structural factors at runoff plot scale using the Taguchi method","volume":"138","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecological Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2018.01.004","article-title":"Hydrological performance of modular-tray green roof systems for increasing the resilience of mega-cities to climate change","volume":"573","author":"Loiola","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Hydrology"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0050","article-title":"Predicting stormwater retention capacity of green roofs: An experimental study of the roles of climate, substrate soil moisture, and drainage layer properties","volume":"11","author":"Longobardi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sustainability (Switzerland)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2020.125203","article-title":"Root-induced changes of soil hydraulic properties \u2014 A review","volume":"589","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Hydrology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0052","series-title":"R Data Science Quick Reference","article-title":"Manipulating Data Frames: dplyr","author":"Mailund","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2022.116354","article-title":"Variability of green infrastructure performance due to climatic regimes across Sweden","volume":"326","author":"Mantilla","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Management"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.174132","article-title":"Understanding the hydrological performance of green and grey roofs during winter in cold climate regions","volume":"945","author":"Maurin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Science of The Total Environment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0055","article-title":"Green Roofs Hydrological Performance and Contribution to Urban Stormwater Management","author":"Mendes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Water Resources Management"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Milborrow, S., Hastie, T., Tibshirani, R., Miller, A., & Lumley, T. (2024). earth: Multivariate adaptive regression splines (Version 5.3.4) [Computer software]. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32614\/CRAN.package.earth.","DOI":"10.32614\/CRAN.package.earth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.121134","article-title":"Towards circular and more sustainable buildings: A systematic literature review on the circular economy in the built environment","volume":"260","author":"Munaro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Cleaner Production"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2011.11.001","article-title":"Amount of water runoff from different vegetation types on extensive green roofs: Effects of plant species, diversity and plant structure","volume":"104","author":"Nagase","year":"2012","journal-title":"Landscape and Urban Planning"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2014.11.061","article-title":"Hydrological performance of a full-scale extensive green roof located in a temperate climate","volume":"82","author":"Nawaz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecological Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0060","article-title":"Influence of vegetation type and climatological conditions on evapotranspiration from extensive green roofs","volume":"617","author":"O\u2019Carroll","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Hydrology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2019.04.008","article-title":"Internal fluctuations in green roof substrate moisture content during storm events: Monitored data and model simulations","volume":"573","author":"Peng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Hydrology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0001933","article-title":"Assessing the Scale Dynamics of the Rainfall Retention of Green Roofs in a Subtropical Climate","volume":"147","author":"Persch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2015.02.002","article-title":"Parameters influencing the regeneration of a green roof\u2019s retention capacity via evapotranspiration","volume":"523","author":"Po\u00eb","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Hydrology"},{"issue":"2023","key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0064","article-title":"The potential of multilayer green roofs for stormwater management in urban area under semi-arid Mediterranean climate conditions","volume":"326","author":"Pumo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Management"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-019-7466-4","article-title":"Analysis of the effect of green roof substrate amended with biochar on water quality and quantity of rainfall runoff","volume":"191","author":"Qianqian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0066","series-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.120229","article-title":"The effect of green infrastructure on resilience performance in combined sewer systems under climate change","volume":"353","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Management"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2023.060","article-title":"The potential of coconut waste as green roof materials to improve stormwater runoff","volume":"87","author":"Romali","year":"2023","journal-title":"Water Science and Technology"},{"issue":"8\u20139","key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2010.10.029","article-title":"Green roofs as a means of pollution abatement","volume":"159","author":"Rowe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environmental Pollution"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2010.12.020","article-title":"The role of vegetation in regulating stormwater runoff from green roofs in a winter rainfall climate","volume":"37","author":"Schroll","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ecological Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0071","first-page":"110","article-title":"Effects of substrate depth and precipitation characteristics on stormwater retention by two green roofs in Portland OR","volume":"18","author":"Schultz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1007\/s11252-008-0069-4","article-title":"Green roofs are not created equal: The hydrologic and thermal performance of six different extensive green roofs and reflective and non-reflective roofs in a sub-tropical climate","volume":"11","author":"Simmons","year":"2008","journal-title":"Urban Ecosystems"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2020.106812","article-title":"Comparison between cork-based and conventional green roof solutions","volume":"175","author":"Sim\u00f5es","year":"2020","journal-title":"Building and Environment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2016.08.055","article-title":"Retention performance of green roofs in three different climate regions","volume":"542","author":"Sims","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Hydrology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2020.126582","article-title":"Hydrological and thermal regime of a thin green roof system evaluated by physically-based model","volume":"48","author":"Skala","year":"2020","journal-title":"Urban Forestry and Urban Greening"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.2166\/bgs.2025.041","article-title":"The combined performance of green roof and rainwater harvesting: retention capacity and water saving","volume":"7","author":"Sousa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Blue Green Systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2013.04.085","article-title":"Rainwater runoff retention on an aged intensive green roof","volume":"461\u2013462","author":"Speak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1747-6593.2009.00174.x","article-title":"The potential of green roofs to manage Urban Stormwater","volume":"24","author":"Stovin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Water and Environment Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2013.09.026","article-title":"A modelling study of long term green roof retention performance","volume":"131","author":"Stovin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Management"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2015.09.076","article-title":"The influence of substrate and vegetation configuration on green roof hydrological performance","volume":"85","author":"Stovin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecological Engineering"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1080\/1573062X.2015.1049279","article-title":"Defining green roof detention performance","volume":"14","author":"Stovin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Urban Water Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2011.10.022","article-title":"The hydrological performance of a green roof test bed under UK climatic conditions","volume":"414\u2013415","author":"Stovin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Hydrology"},{"issue":"8\u20139","key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2011.03.007","article-title":"Positive effects of vegetation: Urban heat island and green roofs","volume":"159","author":"Susca","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environmental Pollution"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2471","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.13175","article-title":"Long-term and seasonal hydrologic performance of an extensive green roof","volume":"32","author":"Todorov","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hydrological Processes"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8551.00375","article-title":"Towards a Methodology for Developing Evidence-Informed Management Knowledge by Means of Systematic Review","volume":"14","author":"Tranfield","year":"2003","journal-title":"British Journal of Management"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2004.0364","article-title":"Green Roof Stormwater Retention","volume":"34","author":"VanWoert","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Quality"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2011.08.010","article-title":"Use of rubber crumbs as drainage layer in experimental green roofs","volume":"48","author":"Vila","year":"2012","journal-title":"Building and Environment"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2004.11.008","article-title":"Response of a Sedum green-roof to individual rain events","volume":"25","author":"Villarreal","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ecological Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2013.05.005","article-title":"Event size, substrate water content and vegetation affect storm water retention efficiency of an un-irrigated extensive green roof system in Central Texas","volume":"10","author":"Volder","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sustainable Cities and Society"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2010.09.013","article-title":"Hydrology of an extensive living roof under sub-tropical climate conditions in Auckland, New Zealand","volume":"394","author":"Voyde","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Hydrology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2025.106652","article-title":"Urban flooding risk assessment and mitigation strategies based on optimal allocation of low impact development facilities","volume":"130","author":"Wen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sustainable Cities and Society"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2021.106391","article-title":"Biochar particle size and amendment rate are more important for water retention and weight of green roof substrates than differences in feedstock type","volume":"171","author":"Werdin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecological Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0093","series-title":"ggplot2: Elegant graphics for data analysis","author":"Wickham","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2014.06.025","article-title":"Quantitative hydrologic performance of extensive green roof under humid-tropical rainfall regime","volume":"70","author":"Wong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecological Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2021.108458","article-title":"Urban green roofs promote metropolitan biodiversity: A comparative case study","volume":"207","author":"Wooster","year":"2022","journal-title":"Building and Environment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2022.128345","article-title":"Impact of structural factors on green roof runoff \u2013 A field investigation and statistical analysis","volume":"613","author":"Xie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Hydrology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1007\/s11269-022-03076-6","article-title":"Green roof hydrological modelling with GRU and LSTM networks","volume":"36","author":"Xie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Water Resources Management"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2014.04.007","article-title":"Importance of different components of green roof substrate on plant growth and physiological performance","volume":"13","author":"Young","year":"2014","journal-title":"Urban Forestry & Urban Greening"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.112682","article-title":"Stormwater retention and detention performance of green roofs with different substrates: Observational data and hydrological simulations","volume":"291","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Management"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.12.231","article-title":"Influence of plant composition and water use strategies on green roof stormwater retention","volume":"625","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294_bib0101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2021.105577","article-title":"Green roofs for stormwater runoff retention: A global quantitative synthesis of the performance","volume":"170","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Resources, Conservation and Recycling"}],"container-title":["Sustainable Cities and Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2210670726001812?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2210670726001812?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T11:36:39Z","timestamp":1776166599000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2210670726001812"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"references-count":101,"alternative-id":["S2210670726001812"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294","relation":{},"ISSN":["2210-6707"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2210-6707","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Worldwide assessment of green roofs retention using general linear models and multivariate adaptive regression splines","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Sustainable Cities and Society","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scs.2026.107294","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"107294"}}