{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T01:51:37Z","timestamp":1791337897283,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790035200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["818420"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["818420"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005366","name":"Universitetet i Oslo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005366","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Social Science & Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119819","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:10:50Z","timestamp":1790035850000},"page":"119819","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Labour, capital, and the Nordic health paradox"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"409","author":[{"given":"Elias","family":"Nosrati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Torkild Hovde","family":"Lyngstad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119819_b1","series-title":"Ulikheten \u2013 betydelig st\u00f8rre enn statistikken viser. SSB analyse 2020\/13. Statistics Norway","author":"Aaberge","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119819_b2","series-title":"\u00d8konomisk ulikhet i Norge i det 21. \u00e5rhundre. Rapporter 2021\/33. Statistics Norway","author":"Aaberge","year":"2021"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119819_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2011.136333","article-title":"Health inequalities and welfare state regimes: Theoretical insights on a public health \u2018puzzle\u2019","volume":"65","author":"Bambra","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119819_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2014.04.001","article-title":"The scandinavian model: An interpretation","volume":"117","author":"Barth","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Public Econ"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119819_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1093\/ser\/mwad068","article-title":"Varieties of wealth: Toward a comparative sociology of wealth inequality","volume":"22","author":"Beckert","year":"2024","journal-title":"Socio-Econ. Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119819_b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1057\/sth.2015.19","article-title":"An institutional theory of welfare state effects on the distribution of population health","volume":"13","author":"Beckfield","year":"2015","journal-title":"Soc. Theory Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119819_b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.36.4.29","article-title":"Facts and fantasies about wage setting and collective bargaining","volume":"36","author":"Bhuller","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Econ. Perspect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119819_b8","series-title":"Hvordan virker formuesskatten? Samfunns\u00f8konomen 2","author":"Bj\u00f8rneby","year":"2022"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119819_b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.37.4.115","article-title":"Where does wealth come from? Measuring lifetime resources in Norway","volume":"37","author":"Black","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Econ. Perspect."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119819_b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1093\/jeea\/jvae056","article-title":"The (un)importance of inheritance","volume":"23","author":"Black","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Eur. Econ. Assoc."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119819_b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1972.tb00899.x","article-title":"Regression models and life-tables","volume":"34","author":"Cox","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. B Methodol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119819_b12","series-title":"Health Inequalities: Critical Perspectives","first-page":"33","article-title":"Nordic health inequalities: Patterns, trends, and policies","author":"Dahl","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119819_b13","series-title":"The Nordic Model Towards 2030: A New Chapter?","author":"D\u00f8lvik","year":"2014"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119819_b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2007.066787","article-title":"The welfare state: A glossary for public health","volume":"62","author":"Eikemo","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119819_b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckn092","article-title":"Welfare state regimes and income-related health inequalities: A comparison of 23 European countries","volume":"18","author":"Eikemo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119819_b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9566.2007.01073.x","article-title":"Health inequalities according to educational level in different welfare regimes: A comparison of 23 European countries","volume":"30","author":"Eikemo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sociol. Health Illn."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119819_b17","series-title":"Social Epidemiology","first-page":"17","article-title":"Socioeconomic status and health","author":"Glymour","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119819_b18","series-title":"Rapid Review of Inequalities in Health and Wellbeing in Norway Since 2014","author":"Goldblatt","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119819_b19","article-title":"Wealth and health: The neglected economic determinant","volume":"48","author":"Gugushvili","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Reg. Health Eur."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119819_b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1177\/00031224211020012","article-title":"Wealth accumulation and opportunity hoarding: Class-origin wealth gaps over a quarter of a century in a scandinavian country","volume":"86","author":"Hansen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. Sociol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119819_b21","series-title":"Social Epidemiology","first-page":"126","article-title":"Income inequality","author":"Kawachi","year":"2014"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119819_b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1916","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.4329","article-title":"Association of household income with life expectancy and cause-specific mortality in Norway, 2005\u20132015","volume":"321","author":"Kinge","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119819_b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.14366","article-title":"Wealth-related inequalities in self-reported health status in the United States and 14 high-income countries","volume":"59","author":"Kyriopoulos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Health Serv. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119819_b24","first-page":"0","article-title":"Social conditions as fundamental causes of disease","volume":"8","author":"Link","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Health Soc. Behav."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119819_b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa2408259","article-title":"Association between wealth and mortality in the United States and Europe","volume":"392","author":"Machado","year":"2025","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119819_b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2012.02.031","article-title":"The persistence of health inequalities in modern welfare states: The explanation of a paradox","volume":"75","author":"Mackenbach","year":"2012","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"issue":"Suppl. 4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119819_b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckx160","article-title":"Nordic paradox, Southern miracle, Eastern disaster: Persistence of inequalities in mortality in Europe","volume":"27","author":"Mackenbach","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119819_b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494819857036","article-title":"Health inequalities in Europe. How does Norway compare?","volume":"47","author":"Mackenbach","year":"2019","journal-title":"Scand. J. Public Health"},{"issue":"25","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119819_b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6440","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1800028115","article-title":"Trends in health inequalities in 27 European countries","volume":"115","author":"Mackenbach","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119819_b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2017.3903","article-title":"Wealth-associated disparities in death and disability in the United States and England","volume":"177","author":"Makaroun","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"issue":"10011","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119819_b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2442","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00150-6","article-title":"The health gap: The challenge of an unequal world","volume":"386","author":"Marmot","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119819_b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1257\/jel.20251636","article-title":"Income equality in the Nordic countries: Myths, facts, and lessons","volume":"63","author":"Mogstad","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Econ. Lit."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119819_b33","series-title":"The Oxford HandBook of Employment Relations: Comparative Employment Systems","article-title":"Social democratic capitalism","author":"Neergaard","year":"2014"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119819_b34","first-page":"98","article-title":"Health, wealth, and the nordic model revisited","volume":"9","author":"Nosrati","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nord. Welf. Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119819_b35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.2190\/HS.42.3.c","article-title":"Wealth inequality and health: A political economy perspective","volume":"42","author":"Nowatzki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Serv."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119819_b36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1177\/00031224211027800","article-title":"The wealth inequality of nations","volume":"86","author":"Pfeffer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. Sociol. Rev."}],"container-title":["Social Science & Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S027795362600897X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S027795362600897X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T01:18:09Z","timestamp":1791335889000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S027795362600897X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"references-count":36,"alternative-id":["S027795362600897X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119819","relation":{},"ISSN":["0277-9536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0277-9536","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Labour, capital, and the Nordic health paradox","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Social Science & Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119819","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"119819"}}