{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T12:10:45Z","timestamp":1778674245916,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,8,1]],"date-time":"2003-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1059696000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,8,1]],"date-time":"2003-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1059696000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,22]],"date-time":"2013-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1377129600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3674,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Virology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/s0042-6822(03)00343-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,7,22]],"date-time":"2003-07-22T19:52:05Z","timestamp":1058903525000},"page":"136-146","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Identification and characterization of HIV-2 strains obtained from asymptomatic patients that do not use CCR5 or CXCR4 coreceptors"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"313","author":[{"given":"J.M","family":"Azevedo-Pereira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Q","family":"Santos-Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"K","family":"Mansinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"J","family":"Moniz-Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00343-X_BIB1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.2001.1046","article-title":"Adaptation to blockade of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 entry imposed by the anti-CCR5 monoclonal antibody 2D7","volume":"287","author":"Aarons","year":"2001","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00343-X_BIB2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1994.03520060062033","article-title":"Prospective comparison of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 and HIV-2 in Abidjan, Ivory Coast","volume":"272","author":"Adjorlolo-Johnson","year":"1994","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00343-X_BIB3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1955","DOI":"10.1126\/science.272.5270.1955","article-title":"CC CKR5","volume":"272","author":"Alkhatib","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00343-X_BIB4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199307000-00013","article-title":"A prospective study of vertical transmission of HIV-2 in Bissau, Guinea-Bissau","volume":"7","author":"Andreasson","year":"1993","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00343-X_BIB5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6418","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.14.6418-6424.2000","article-title":"CCR5 signal transduction in macrophages by human immunodeficiency virus and simian immunodeficiency virus envelopes","volume":"74","author":"Arthos","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00343-X_BIB6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2149","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.64.5.2149-2156.1990","article-title":"Human immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoprotein\/CD4-mediated fusion of nonprimate cells with human cells","volume":"64","author":"Ashorn","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00343-X_BIB7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1999.9779","article-title":"HIV and SIV gp120 binding does not predict coreceptor function","volume":"259","author":"Baik","year":"1999","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00343-X_BIB8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F67","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199710000-00001","article-title":"Homozygous delta 32 deletion of the CCR-5 chemokine receptor gene in an HIV-1-infected patient","volume":"11","author":"Balotta","year":"1997","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00343-X_BIB9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1038\/34571","article-title":"A new classification for HIV-1","volume":"391","author":"Berger","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00343-X_BIB10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.17.1.657","article-title":"Chemokine receptors as HIV-1 coreceptors","volume":"17","author":"Berger","year":"1999","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00343-X_BIB11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0397-252","article-title":"HIV-1 infection in an individual homozygous for the CCR5 deletion allele","volume":"3","author":"Biti","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00343-X_BIB12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7478","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.71.10.7478-7487.1997","article-title":"Coreceptor usage of primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates varies according to biological phenotype","volume":"71","author":"Bjorndal","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00343-X_BIB13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1038\/382829a0","article-title":"The lymphocyte chemoattractant SDF-1 is a ligand for LESTR\/fusin and blocks HIV-1 entry","volume":"382","author":"Bleul","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00343-X_BIB14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.5.1925","article-title":"The HIV coreceptors CXCR4 and CCR5 are differentially expressed and regulated on human T lymphocytes","volume":"94","author":"Bleul","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00343-X_BIB15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2937","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200012220-00016","article-title":"Envelope V3 amino acid sequence predicts HIV-1 phenotype (co-receptor usage and tropism for macrophages)","volume":"14","author":"Briggs","year":"2000","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00343-X_BIB16","series-title":"Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group","first-page":"517","article-title":"Human Retroviruses and AIDS","author":"Broder","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00343-X_BIB17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8405","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.71.11.8405-8415.1997","article-title":"Promiscuous use of CC and CXC chemokine receptors in cell-to-cell fusion mediated by a human immunodeficiency virus type 2 envelope protein","volume":"71","author":"Bron","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00343-X_BIB18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3932","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.71.5.3932-3939.1997","article-title":"Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 coreceptors participate in postentry stages in the virus replication cycle and function in simian immunodeficiency virus infection","volume":"71","author":"Chackerian","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00343-X_BIB19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2057","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.188.11.2057","article-title":"Natural infection of a homozygous delta24 CCR5 red-capped mangabey with an R2b-tropic simian immunodeficiency virus","volume":"188","author":"Chen","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00343-X_BIB20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.64.1.215-221.1990","article-title":"Failure of human immunodeficiency virus entry and infection in CD4-positive human brain and skin cells","volume":"64","author":"Chesebro","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00343-X_BIB21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(91)90904-P","article-title":"Specific cell surface requirements for the infection of CD4-positive cells by human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 and by Simian immunodeficiency virus","volume":"181","author":"Clapham","year":"1991","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00343-X_BIB22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1809","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-83-8-1809","article-title":"Cell surface receptors, virus entry and tropism of primate lentiviruses","volume":"83","author":"Clapham","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00343-X_BIB23","first-page":"103","article-title":"CCR5 promoter polymorphisms, CCR5 59029A and CCR5 59353C, are under represented in HIV-1-infected long-term non-progressors","volume":"14","author":"Clegg","year":"2000","journal-title":"The Australian Long-Term Non-Progressor Study Group. AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00343-X_BIB24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1811","DOI":"10.1126\/science.270.5243.1811","article-title":"Identification of RANTES, MIP-1 alpha, and MIP-1 beta as the major HIV-suppressive factors produced by CD8+ T cells","volume":"270","author":"Cocchi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00343-X_BIB25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4400","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.68.7.4400-4408.1994","article-title":"Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 variants with increased replicative capacity develop during the asymptomatic stage before disease progression","volume":"68","author":"Connor","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00343-X_BIB26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.185.4.621","article-title":"Change in coreceptor use coreceptor use correlates with disease progression in HIV-1-infected individuals","volume":"185","author":"Connor","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00343-X_BIB27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1038\/312763a0","article-title":"The CD4 (T4) antigen is an essential component of the receptor for the AIDS retrovirus","volume":"312","author":"Dalgleish","year":"1984","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00343-X_BIB28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2083","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1993.03510170073033","article-title":"Epidemiology and transmission of HIV-2. Why there is no HIV-2 pandemic","volume":"270","author":"De Cock","year":"1993","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00343-X_BIB29","first-page":"1856","article-title":"Genetic restriction of HIV-1 infection and progression to AIDS by a deletion allele of the CKR5 structural gene","volume":"273","author":"Dean","year":"1996","journal-title":"Hemophilia Growth and Development Study, Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study, Multicenter Hemophilia Cohort Study, San Francisco City Cohort, ALIVE Study. Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00343-X_BIB30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1038\/381661a0","article-title":"Identification of a major co-receptor for primary isolates of HIV-1","volume":"381","author":"Deng","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00343-X_BIB31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0198-072","article-title":"AMD3100, a small molecule inhibitor of HIV-1 entry via the CXCR4 co-receptor","volume":"4","author":"Donzella","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00343-X_BIB32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2752","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.4.2752-2761.1999","article-title":"Identification of CXCR4 domains that support coreceptor and chemokine receptor functions","volume":"73","author":"Doranz","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00343-X_BIB33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.1.512-519.1998","article-title":"Spontaneous mutations in the env gene of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 NDK isolate are associated with a CD4-independent entry phenotype","volume":"72","author":"Dumonceaux","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00343-X_BIB34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1998.9306","article-title":"Use of GPR1, GPR15, and STRL33 as coreceptors by diverse human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and simian immunodeficiency virus envelope proteins","volume":"249","author":"Edinger","year":"1998","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00343-X_BIB35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.186.3.405","article-title":"Two orphan seven-transmembrane segment receptors which are expressed in CD4-positive cells support simian immunodeficiency virus infection","volume":"186","author":"Farzan","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00343-X_BIB36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1126\/science.272.5263.872","article-title":"HIV-1 entry cofactor","volume":"272","author":"Feng","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00343-X_BIB37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3014648","article-title":"The role of mononuclear phagocytes in HTLV-III\/LAV infection","volume":"233","author":"Gartner","year":"1986","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00343-X_BIB38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6260","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.7.6260-6263.1998","article-title":"Coreceptor usage of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 primary isolates and biological clones is broad and does not correlate with their syncytium-inducing capacities","volume":"72","author":"Guillon","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00343-X_BIB39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1006\/jmbi.2000.4076","article-title":"Identification of ENV determinants in V3 that influence the molecular anatomy of CCR5 utilization","volume":"302","author":"Hu","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00343-X_BIB40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-199712150-00003","article-title":"Rate of decline of percentage CD4+ cells is faster in HIV-1 than in HIV-2 infection","volume":"16","author":"Jaffar","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. Hum. Retrovirol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00343-X_BIB41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)90065-5","article-title":"Slower heterosexual spread of HIV-2 than HIV-1","volume":"343","author":"Kanki","year":"1994","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00343-X_BIB42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1038\/312767a0","article-title":"T-lymphocyte T4 molecule behaves as the receptor for human retrovirus LAV","volume":"312","author":"Klatzmann","year":"1984","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00343-X_BIB43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8120","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.10.8120-8126.1999","article-title":"Adaptation of a CCR5-using, primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolate for CD4-independent replication","volume":"73","author":"Kolchinsky","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00343-X_BIB44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10264","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.12.10264-10271.1999","article-title":"A polymorphism in the regulatory region of the CC-chemokine receptor 5 gene influences perinatal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 to African-American infants","volume":"73","author":"Kostrikis","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00343-X_BIB45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4832","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.090521697","article-title":"HIV-1 gp120 and chemokines activate ion channels in primary macrophages through CCR5 and CXCR4 stimulation","volume":"97","author":"Liu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00343-X_BIB46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80110-5","article-title":"Homozygous defect in HIV-1 coreceptor accounts for resistance of some multiply-exposed individuals to HIV-1 infection","volume":"86","author":"Liu","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00343-X_BIB47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1089\/088922202753747914","article-title":"HIV type 1 variants transmitted to women in Kenya require the CCR5 coreceptor for entry, regardless of the genetic complexity of the infecting virus","volume":"18","author":"Long","year":"2002","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00343-X_BIB48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(86)90590-8","article-title":"The T4 gene encodes the AIDS virus receptor and is expressed in the immune system and the brain","volume":"47","author":"Maddon","year":"1986","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00343-X_BIB49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2208","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.3.2208-2212.1998","article-title":"Cytosolic Gag p24 as an index of productive entry of human immunodeficiency virus type 1","volume":"72","author":"Mar\u00e9chal","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00343-X_BIB50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7915856","article-title":"Reduced rate of disease development after HIV-2 infection as compared to HIV-1","volume":"265","author":"Marlink","year":"1994","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00343-X_BIB51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0597-100","article-title":"Global distribution of the CCR5 gene 32-basepair deletion","volume":"16","author":"Martinson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00343-X_BIB52","first-page":"866","article-title":"CCR5 promoter polymorphism and HIV-1 disease progression","volume":"352","author":"McDermott","year":"1998","journal-title":"Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS). Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00343-X_BIB53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4065","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.5.4065-4071.1998","article-title":"A broad range of chemokine receptors are used by primary isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 as coreceptors with CD4","volume":"72","author":"McKnight","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00343-X_BIB54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6914","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.15.6914-6922.2001","article-title":"Characterization of a late entry event in the replication cycle of human immunodeficiency virus type 2","volume":"75","author":"McKnight","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00343-X_BIB55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1692","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.71.2.1692-1696.1997","article-title":"Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus fusion by a monoclonal antibody to a coreceptor (CXCR4) is both cell type and virus strain dependent","volume":"71","author":"McKnight","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00343-X_BIB56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)63552-0","article-title":"CCR5-delta 32 gene deletion in HIV-1 infected patients","volume":"350","author":"Michael","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00343-X_BIB57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6040","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.7.6040-6047.1998","article-title":"Exclusive and persistent use of the entry coreceptor CXCR4 by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 from a subject homozygous for CCR5 delta32","volume":"72","author":"Michael","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00343-X_BIB58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2343","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.3.2343-2349.1999","article-title":"Primary human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) isolates, like HIV-1 isolates, frequently use CCR5 but show promiscuity in coreceptor usage","volume":"73","author":"Morner","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00343-X_BIB59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0798-786","article-title":"Genealogy of the CCR5 locus and chemokine system gene variants associated with altered rates of HIV-1 disease progression","volume":"4","author":"Mummidi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00343-X_BIB60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)24017-1","article-title":"HIV-1 infection in a man homozygous for CCR5 delta 32","volume":"349","author":"O\u2019Brien","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00343-X_BIB61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1038\/382833a0","article-title":"The CXC chemokine SDF-1 is the ligand for LESTR\/fusin and prevents infection by T-cell-line-adapted HIV-1","volume":"382","author":"Oberlin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00343-X_BIB62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4145","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.5.4145-4155.1999","article-title":"Differential inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 fusion, gp120 binding, and CC-chemokine activity by monoclonal antibodies to CCR5","volume":"73","author":"Olson","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00343-X_BIB63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7772","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.10.7772-7784.1998","article-title":"Effect of immune activation on the dynamics of human immunodeficiency virus replication and on the distribution of viral quasispecies","volume":"72","author":"Ostrowski","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00343-X_BIB64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5425","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.7.5425-5432.1998","article-title":"Genetically divergent strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 use multiple coreceptors for viral entry","volume":"72","author":"Owen","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00343-X_BIB65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)04402-9","article-title":"9-year HIV-2-associated mortality in an urban community in Bissau, west Africa","volume":"349","author":"Poulsen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00343-X_BIB66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-83-6-1253","article-title":"Human immunodeficiency virus type 2","volume":"83","author":"Reeves","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00343-X_BIB67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.71.2.1453-1465.1997","article-title":"The CD4-independent tropism of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 involves several regions of the envelope protein and correlates with a reduced activation threshold for envelope-mediated fusion","volume":"71","author":"Reeves","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00343-X_BIB68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7795","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.9.7795-7804.1999","article-title":"Primary human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) isolates infect CD4-negative cells via CCR5 and CXCR4","volume":"73","author":"Reeves","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00343-X_BIB69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/169.5.968","article-title":"The impact of the syncytium-inducing phenotype of human immunodeficiency virus on disease progression","volume":"169","author":"Richman","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00343-X_BIB70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI119318","article-title":"HIV does not replicate in naive CD4 T cells stimulated with CD3\/CD28","volume":"99","author":"Roederer","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00343-X_BIB71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1038\/83365","article-title":"Isolation of primary HIV-1 that target CD8+ T lymphocytes using CD8 as a receptor","volume":"7","author":"Saha","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00343-X_BIB72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1089\/088922201750290041","article-title":"HIV type 1 chemokine receptor usage in mother-to-child transmission","volume":"17","author":"Salvatori","year":"2001","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00343-X_BIB73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1521-4141(199805)28:05<1689::AID-IMMU1689>3.0.CO;2-I","article-title":"ChemR23, a putative chemoattractant receptor, is expressed in monocyte-derived dendritic cells and macrophages and is a coreceptor for SIV and some primary HIV-1 strains","volume":"28","author":"Samson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00343-X_BIB74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1038\/382722a0","article-title":"Resistance to HIV-1 infection in caucasian individuals bearing mutant alleles of the CCR-5 chemokine receptor gene","volume":"382","author":"Samson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00343-X_BIB75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1197-1259","article-title":"In vivo evolution of HIV-1 co-receptor usage and sensitivity to chemokine-mediated suppression","volume":"3","author":"Scarlatti","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00343-X_BIB76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2203","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-79-9-2203","article-title":"The simian immunodeficiency virus mnd(GB-1) strain uses CXCR4, not CCR5, as coreceptor for entry in human cells","volume":"79","author":"Schols","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00343-X_BIB77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1999.9764","article-title":"Changes in and discrepancies between cell tropisms and coreceptor uses of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 induced by single point mutations at the V3 tip of the env protein","volume":"259","author":"Shimizu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00343-X_BIB78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.2.619-626.2000","article-title":"A putative G protein-coupled receptor, RDC1, is a novel coreceptor for human and simian immunodeficiency viruses","volume":"74","author":"Shimizu","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00343-X_BIB79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-065X.2000.17719.x","article-title":"Co-receptor use by HIV and inhibition of HIV infection by chemokine receptor ligands","volume":"177","author":"Simmons","year":"2000","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00343-X_BIB80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8355","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.70.12.8355-8360.1996","article-title":"Primary, syncytium-inducing human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates are dual-tropic and most can use either Lestr or CCR5 as coreceptors for virus entry","volume":"70","author":"Simmons","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00343-X_BIB81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8237","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.71.11.8237-8244.1997","article-title":"Usage of the coreceptors CCR-5, CCR-3, and CXCR-4 by primary and cell line-adapted human immunodeficiency virus type 2","volume":"71","author":"Sol","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00343-X_BIB82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1774","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI119342","article-title":"Preferential replication of HIV-1 in the CD45RO memory cell subset of primary CD4 lymphocytes in vitro","volume":"99","author":"Spina","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00343-X_BIB83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1990.tb08274.x","article-title":"HIV-1 replication is controlled at the level of T cell activation and proviral integration","volume":"9","author":"Stevenson","year":"1990","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00343-X_BIB84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1089\/088922299310827","article-title":"Role of the HIV type 1 glycoprotein 120 V3 loop in determining coreceptor usage","volume":"15","author":"Verrier","year":"1999","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00343-X_BIB85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1038\/40173","article-title":"Macrophage-tropic HIV and SIV envelope proteins induce a signal through the CCR5 chemokine receptor","volume":"389","author":"Weissman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00343-X_BIB86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199411000-00015","article-title":"HIV-2-infected patients survive longer than HIV-1-infected patients","volume":"8","author":"Whittle","year":"1994","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00343-X_BIB87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V89.5.1635","article-title":"Loss of inducible virus in CD45RA naive cells after human immunodeficiency virus-1 entry accounts for preferential viral replication in CD45RO memory cells","volume":"89","author":"Woods","year":"1997","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00343-X_BIB88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.186.8.1373","article-title":"Interaction of chemokine receptor CCR5 with its ligands","volume":"186","author":"Wu","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00343-X_BIB89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.2001.0904","article-title":"A CCR5\/CXCR4-independent coreceptor pathway on human macrophages supports efficient SIV env-mediated fusion but not infection","volume":"284","author":"Yi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00343-X_BIB90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9307","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.11.9307-9312.1998","article-title":"Chemokine coreceptor usage by diverse primary isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1","volume":"72","author":"Zhang","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00343-X_BIB91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6893","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.15.6893-6910.2000","article-title":"Use of inhibitors to evaluate coreceptor usage by simian and simian\/human immunodeficiency viruses and human immunodeficiency virus type 2 in primary cells","volume":"74","author":"Zhang","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Virol."}],"container-title":["Virology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S004268220300343X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S004268220300343X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T23:23:33Z","timestamp":1758583413000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S004268220300343X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,8]]},"references-count":91,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S004268220300343X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0042-6822(03)00343-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["0042-6822"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0042-6822","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Identification and characterization of HIV-2 strains obtained from asymptomatic patients that do not use CCR5 or CXCR4 coreceptors","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Virology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00343-X","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"converted-article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2003 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}