{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T20:51:18Z","timestamp":1778964678383,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"10341","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]],"date-time":"2022-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654041600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]],"date-time":"2022-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654041600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,17]],"date-time":"2022-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647475200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","em-consulte.com","thelancet.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Lancet"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(22)00532-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,23]],"date-time":"2022-05-23T18:34:57Z","timestamp":1653330897000},"page":"2129-2154","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":310,"title":["Measuring the availability of human resources for health and its relationship to universal health coverage for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"399","author":[{"given":"Annie","family":"Haakenstad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Caleb Mackay Salpeter","family":"Irvine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Megan","family":"Knight","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Corinne","family":"Bintz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Aleksandr Y","family":"Aravkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Vin","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Michael R M","family":"Abrigo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Abdelrahman I","family":"Abushouk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Oladimeji M","family":"Adebayo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Gina","family":"Agarwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Fares","family":"Alahdab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ziyad","family":"Al-Aly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Khurshid","family":"Alam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Turki M","family":"Alanzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jacqueline Elizabeth","family":"Alcalde-Rabanal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Vahid","family":"Alipour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nelson","family":"Alvis-Guzman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Arianna Maever L","family":"Amit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Catalina Liliana","family":"Andrei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Tudorel","family":"Andrei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Carl Abelardo T","family":"Antonio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jalal","family":"Arabloo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Olatunde","family":"Aremu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Martin Amogre","family":"Ayanore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Maciej","family":"Banach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Till Winfried","family":"B\u00e4rnighausen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Celine M","family":"Barthelemy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mohsen","family":"Bayati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Habib","family":"Benzian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Adam E","family":"Berman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kelly","family":"Bienhoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Bijani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Boris","family":"Bikbov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Biondi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Archith","family":"Boloor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Reinhard","family":"Busse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Zahid A","family":"Butt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Luis Alberto","family":"C\u00e1mera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ismael R","family":"Campos-Nonato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rosario","family":"C\u00e1rdenas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Felix","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Collins","family":"Chansa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Soosanna Kumary","family":"Chattu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Vijay Kumar","family":"Chattu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Dinh-Toi","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Xiaochen","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lalit","family":"Dandona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rakhi","family":"Dandona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"William James","family":"Dangel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ahmad","family":"Daryani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jan-Walter","family":"De Neve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Meghnath","family":"Dhimal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Isaac Oluwafemi","family":"Dipeolu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Shirin","family":"Djalalinia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hoa Thi","family":"Do","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Chirag P","family":"Doshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Leila","family":"Doshmangir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Elham","family":"Ehsani-Chimeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Maha","family":"El Tantawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Eduarda","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Florian","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nataliya A","family":"Foigt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Artem Alekseevich","family":"Fomenkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Masoud","family":"Foroutan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Takeshi","family":"Fukumoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nancy","family":"Fullman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mohamed M","family":"Gad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Keyghobad","family":"Ghadiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mansour","family":"Ghafourifard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ahmad","family":"Ghashghaee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Glucksman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Houman","family":"Goudarzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rajat Das","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Randah R","family":"Hamadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Samer","family":"Hamidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Josep Maria","family":"Haro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Edris","family":"Hasanpoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Simon I","family":"Hay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mohamed I","family":"Hegazy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Behzad","family":"Heibati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nathaniel J","family":"Henry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Michael K","family":"Hole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Naznin","family":"Hossain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mowafa","family":"Househ","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Olayinka Stephen","family":"Ilesanmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mohammad-Hasan","family":"Imani-Nasab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Seyed Sina Naghibi","family":"Irvani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sheikh Mohammed Shariful","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mohammad Ali","family":"Jahani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ankur","family":"Joshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rohollah","family":"Kalhor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Gbenga A","family":"Kayode","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nauman","family":"Khalid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Khaled","family":"Khatab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Adnan","family":"Kisa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sonali","family":"Kochhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kewal","family":"Krishan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Barthelemy","family":"Kuate Defo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Dharmesh Kumar","family":"Lal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Faris Hasan","family":"Lami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Anders O","family":"Larsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Janet L","family":"Leasher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kate E","family":"LeGrand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lee-Ling","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Narayan B","family":"Mahotra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Azeem","family":"Majeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Afshin","family":"Maleki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Narayana","family":"Manjunatha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Benjamin Ballard","family":"Massenburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Tomislav","family":"Mestrovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"GK","family":"Mini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Andreea","family":"Mirica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Erkin M","family":"Mirrakhimov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yousef","family":"Mohammad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Shafiu","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ali H","family":"Mokdad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Shane Douglas","family":"Morrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mohsen","family":"Naghavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Duduzile Edith","family":"Ndwandwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ionut","family":"Negoi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ruxandra Irina","family":"Negoi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Josephine W","family":"Ngunjiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Cuong Tat","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yeshambel T","family":"Nigatu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Obinna E","family":"Onwujekwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Doris V","family":"Ortega-Altamirano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nikita","family":"Otstavnov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Stanislav S","family":"Otstavnov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mayowa O","family":"Owolabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Abhijit P","family":"Pakhare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Veincent Christian Filipino","family":"Pepito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Norberto","family":"Perico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hai Quang","family":"Pham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"David M","family":"Pigott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Khem Narayan","family":"Pokhrel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Rabiee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Navid","family":"Rabiee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Vafa","family":"Rahimi-Movaghar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"David Laith","family":"Rawaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Salman","family":"Rawaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lal","family":"Rawal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Remuzzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Andre M N","family":"Renzaho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Serge","family":"Resnikoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nima","family":"Rezaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Aziz","family":"Rezapour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Rickard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Leonardo","family":"Roever","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Maitreyi","family":"Sahu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Abdallah M","family":"Samy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Sanabria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Milena M","family":"Santric-Milicevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer","family":"Saraswathy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Soraya","family":"Seedat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Subramanian","family":"Senthilkumaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Edson","family":"Serv\u00e1n-Mori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Masood Ali","family":"Shaikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Aziz","family":"Sheikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Diego Augusto Santos","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Stein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Dan J","family":"Stein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mariya Vladimirovna","family":"Titova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Stephanie M","family":"Topp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Marcos Roberto","family":"Tovani-Palone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Saif","family":"Ullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Bhaskaran","family":"Unnikrishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Vacante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Pascual R","family":"Valdez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Tommi Juhani","family":"Vasankari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Narayanaswamy","family":"Venketasubramanian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Vasily","family":"Vlassov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Theo","family":"Vos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jamal Akeem","family":"Yearwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Naohiro","family":"Yonemoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mustafa Z","family":"Younis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Chuanhua","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Siddhesh","family":"Zadey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sojib Bin","family":"Zaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Taddese Alemu","family":"Zerfu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Zhi-Jiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Arash","family":"Ziapour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sanjay","family":"Zodpey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Stephen S","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Christopher J L","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rafael","family":"Lozano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00532-3_bib3","series-title":"A universal truth: no health without a workforce. November, 2013","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00532-3_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthpol.2011.10.012","article-title":"Health workers at the core of the health system: framework and research issues","volume":"105","author":"Anand","year":"2012","journal-title":"Health Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00532-3_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61890-9","article-title":"Health-financing reforms in southeast Asia: challenges in achieving universal coverage","volume":"377","author":"Tangcharoensathien","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00532-3_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1186\/s12960-016-0158-z","article-title":"An analysis of the global pharmacy workforce capacity","volume":"14","author":"Bates","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum Resour Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00532-3_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldz014","article-title":"Global nurse shortages\u2014the facts, the impact and action for change","volume":"130","author":"Drennan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br Med Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00532-3_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60599-6","article-title":"Health workers and vaccination coverage in developing countries: an econometric analysis","volume":"369","author":"Anand","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00532-3_bib12","series-title":"Reassessing the relationship between human resources for health, intervention coverage and health outcomes. Background paper prepared for the world health report 2006\u2014working together for health. March, 2006","author":"Speybroeck","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00532-3_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30125-9","article-title":"COVID-19: the need for continuous medical education and training","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00532-3_bib17","author":"Anand"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00532-3_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2018.7624","article-title":"Association of primary care physician supply with population mortality in the United States, 2005\u20132015","volume":"179","author":"Basu","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00532-3_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/1478-4491-9-30","article-title":"The human resource for health situation in Zambia: deficit and maldistribution","volume":"9","author":"Ferrinho","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum Resour Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00532-3_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/1478-4491-9-17","article-title":"Continuity and change in human resources policies for health: lessons from Brazil","volume":"9","author":"Buchan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum Resour Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00532-3_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61888-0","article-title":"Human resources for health in India","volume":"377","author":"Rao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00532-3_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-025979","article-title":"Size, composition and distribution of human resource for health in India: new estimates using National Sample Survey and Registry data","volume":"9","author":"Karan","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00532-3_bib23","article-title":"Unequal distribution of the U.S. primary care workforce","author":"Petterson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00532-3_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1186\/s12960-015-0089-0","article-title":"Inequality trends of health workforce in different stages of medical system reform (1985\u20132011) in China","volume":"13","author":"Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum Resour Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00532-3_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0033399","article-title":"Monitoring inequalities in the health workforce: the case study of Brazil 1991\u20132005","volume":"7","author":"Sousa","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00532-3_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/1478-4491-1-3","article-title":"Monitoring and evaluation of human resources for health: an international perspective","volume":"1","author":"Diallo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hum Resour Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00532-3_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/1478-4491-7-22","article-title":"Assessment of human resources for health using cross-national comparison of facility surveys in six countries","volume":"7","author":"Gupta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum Resour Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00532-3_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/s12960-016-0155-2","article-title":"A synthesis of recent analyses of human resources for health requirements and labour market dynamics in high-income OECD countries","volume":"14","author":"Tomblin Murphy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum Resour Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00532-3_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30750-9","article-title":"Measuring universal health coverage based on an index of effective coverage of health services in 204 countries and territories, 1990\u20132019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"396","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00532-3_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2091","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32281-5","article-title":"Measuring progress from 1990 to 2017 and projecting attainment to 2030 of the health-related Sustainable Development Goals for 195 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"392","author":"Lozano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00532-3_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e19","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30388-9","article-title":"Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting: the GATHER statement","volume":"388","author":"Stevens","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00532-3_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61899-6","article-title":"GBD 2010: design, definitions, and metrics","volume":"380","author":"Murray","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00532-3_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30977-6","article-title":"Global age-sex-specific fertility, mortality, healthy life expectancy (HALE), and population estimates in 204 countries and territories, 1950\u20132019: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"396","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00532-3_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1080\/10618600.2020.1868303","article-title":"Trimmed constrained mixed effects models: formulations and algorithms","volume":"30","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Comput Graph Stat"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00532-3_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30752-2","article-title":"Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990\u20132019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"396","author":"Murray","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00532-3_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30925-9","article-title":"Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990\u20132019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"396","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00532-3_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.host.2018.11.007","article-title":"Econometric analysis of productivity: theory and implementation in R","volume":"42","author":"Sickles","year":"2020","journal-title":"Handb Stat"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00532-3_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3519","DOI":"10.1214\/18-EJS1470","article-title":"A general family of trimmed estimators for robust high-dimensional data analysis","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Electron J Stat"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00532-3_bib43","article-title":"Trimmed statistical estimation via variance reduction","author":"Aravkin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Math Oper Res Publ"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00532-3_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/s12960-017-0221-4","article-title":"The \u2018Dream Team\u2019 for sexual, reproductive, maternal, newborn and adolescent health: an adjusted service target model to estimate the ideal mix of health care professionals to cover population need","volume":"15","author":"Ten Hoope-Bender","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum Resour Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00532-3_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-8462-5-7","article-title":"The global workforce shortages and the migration of medical professions: the Australian policy response","volume":"5","author":"Smith","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aust New Zealand Health Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00532-3_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68346-3","article-title":"The health migration crisis: the role of four Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development countries","volume":"367","author":"Pond","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00532-3_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/1478-4491-11-34","article-title":"Absenteeism amongst health workers\u2014developing a typology to support empiric work in low-income countries and characterizing reported associations","volume":"11","author":"Belita","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum Resour Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00532-3_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.2190\/HS.43.2.j","article-title":"The Iraqi medical brain drain: a cross-sectional study","volume":"43","author":"Al-Khalisi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Health Serv"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00532-3_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.15171\/ijoem.2019.1573","article-title":"Prevalence of type II and type III workplace violence against physicians: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Nowrouzi-Kia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Occup Env Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00532-3_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.2147\/PRBM.S114870","article-title":"Workplace violence in different settings and among various health professionals in an Italian general hospital: a cross-sectional study","volume":"9","author":"Ferri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychol Res Behav Manag"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00532-3_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s12960-017-0187-2","article-title":"Global health workforce labor market projections for 2030","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum Resour Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00532-3_bib54","article-title":"Interventions for increasing the proportion of health professionals practising in rural and other underserved areas","volume":"2015","author":"Grobler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00532-3_bib55","article-title":"Interventions for hiring, retaining and training district health systems managers in low- and middle-income countries","volume":"2013","author":"Rockers","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00532-3_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.09.072462","article-title":"Context counts: training health workers in and for rural and remote areas","volume":"88","author":"Strasser","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00532-3_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31599-9","article-title":"Essential medicines for universal health coverage","volume":"389","author":"Wirtz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00532-3_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.13.118927","article-title":"A comprehensive health labour market framework for universal health coverage","volume":"91","author":"Sousa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00532-3_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)60497-4","article-title":"Women and Health: the key for sustainable development","volume":"386","author":"Langer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00532-3_bib62","first-page":"1","article-title":"Gender inequality in the health workforce in the midst of achieving universal health coverage in Mexico","volume":"18","author":"Monta\u00f1ez-Hern\u00e1ndez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum Resour Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00532-3_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/1478-4491-9-4","article-title":"Human resources for health and burden of disease: an econometric approach","volume":"9","author":"Castillo-Laborde","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum Resour Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00532-3_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2018-001145","article-title":"Global health security and universal health coverage: from a marriage of convenience to a strategic, effective partnership","volume":"4","author":"Wenham","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00532-3_bib65","article-title":"No health workforce, no global health security","volume":"387","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00532-3_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s12960-019-0351-y","article-title":"Never again? Challenges in transforming the health workforce landscape in post-Ebola West Africa","volume":"17","author":"McPake","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum Resour Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00532-3_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2020-002769","article-title":"Community health workers for pandemic response: a rapid evidence synthesis","volume":"5","author":"Bhaumik","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00532-3_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph2007040002","article-title":"Inequities in the global health workforce: the greatest impediment to health in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"4","author":"Anyangwe","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00532-3_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2233","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)30841-4","article-title":"Past, present, and future of global health financing: a review of development assistance, government, out-of-pocket, and other private spending on health for 195 countries, 1995-2050","volume":"393","author":"Chang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"}],"container-title":["The Lancet"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0140673622005323?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0140673622005323?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T00:30:05Z","timestamp":1758846605000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0140673622005323"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10341","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S0140673622005323"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(22)00532-3","relation":{"is-referenced-by":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1007\/s44250-026-00376-1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1007\/s10916-025-02282-0","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0140-6736"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0140-6736","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Measuring the availability of human resources for health and its relationship to universal health coverage for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The Lancet","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00532-3","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00576-1","name":"associatedlink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to the associated document"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}