{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T15:40:03Z","timestamp":1773157203878,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,5,1]],"date-time":"2004-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1083369600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Regional Science and Urban Economics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/s0166-0462(03)00046-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,7,7]],"date-time":"2003-07-07T13:48:54Z","timestamp":1057585734000},"page":"275-288","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Bilateral monopolies and location choice"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Kurt R.","family":"Brekke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Odd Rune","family":"Straume","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-0462(03)00046-2_BIB1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1006\/jeth.1997.2323","article-title":"Location, location, location","volume":"77","author":"Anderson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Theory"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-0462(03)00046-2_BIB2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.2307\/1911955","article-title":"On Hotelling\u2019s \u2018Stability in competition\u2019","volume":"47","author":"D\u2019Aspremont","year":"1979","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-0462(03)00046-2_BIB3","series-title":"The Economics of the Trade Union","author":"Booth","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-0462(03)00046-2_BIB4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-7187(97)00071-4","article-title":"The strategic choice of union-oligopoly bargaining agenda","volume":"17","author":"Bughin","year":"1999","journal-title":"International Journal of Industrial Organization"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-0462(03)00046-2_BIB5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.2307\/2950571","article-title":"A generalized model of horizontal product differentiation","volume":"42","author":"B\u00f6ckem","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Industrial Economics"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-0462(03)00046-2_BIB6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1086\/298189","article-title":"Multiunit bargaining in oligopolistic industries","volume":"6","author":"Davidson","year":"1988","journal-title":"Journal of Labor Economics"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-0462(03)00046-2_BIB7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.2307\/2234092","article-title":"Union-oligopoly bargaining","volume":"99","author":"Dowrick","year":"1989","journal-title":"Economic Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-0462(03)00046-2_BIB8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1765(86)90124-2","article-title":"Product differentiation in Hotelling\u2019s duopoly","volume":"21","author":"Economides","year":"1986","journal-title":"Economic Letters"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-0462(03)00046-2_BIB9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.2307\/2555750","article-title":"Partial collusion fosters minimum product differentiation","volume":"24","author":"Friedman","year":"1993","journal-title":"Rand Journal of Economics"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-0462(03)00046-2_BIB10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2921(99)00075-6","article-title":"Unions in oligopolistic, vertically connected industries","volume":"45","author":"Grandner","year":"2001","journal-title":"European Economic Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-0462(03)00046-2_BIB11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-0462(94)02054-X","article-title":"Upstream monopoly, downstream competition and spatial price discrimination","volume":"24","author":"Gupta","year":"1994","journal-title":"Regional Science and Urban Economics"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-0462(03)00046-2_BIB12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.2307\/2555664","article-title":"Bilateral monopolies and incentives for merger","volume":"19","author":"Horn","year":"1988","journal-title":"Rand Journal of Economics"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-0462(03)00046-2_BIB13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.2307\/2224214","article-title":"Stability in competition","volume":"39","author":"Hotelling","year":"1929","journal-title":"Economic Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-0462(03)00046-2_BIB14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-7187(92)90063-5","article-title":"Product differentiation and price collusion","volume":"10","author":"Jehiel","year":"1992","journal-title":"International Journal of Industrial Organization"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-0462(03)00046-2_BIB15","series-title":"The Nature of the Firm: Origins, Evolution, And Development","first-page":"117","article-title":"Asset specificity and the structure of vertical relationships: empirical evidence","author":"Joskow","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-0462(03)00046-2_BIB16","first-page":"438","article-title":"Equilibrium locations in the unconstrained Hotelling game","volume":"23","author":"Lambertini","year":"1994","journal-title":"Economic Notes"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-0462(03)00046-2_BIB17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-0462(97)00008-2","article-title":"Unicity of the equilibrium in the unconstrained Hotelling model","volume":"27","author":"Lambertini","year":"1997","journal-title":"Regional Science and Urban Economics"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-0462(03)00046-2_BIB18","unstructured":"Lommerud, K.E., Straume, O.R., S\u00f8rgard, L., 2003. Downstream merger with upstream market power. European Economic Review, forthcoming."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-0462(03)00046-2_BIB19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-0462(99)00007-1","article-title":"Cooperation vs. competition in a spatial model","volume":"29","author":"Mai","year":"1999","journal-title":"Regional Science and Urban Economics"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-0462(03)00046-2_BIB20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-0462(99)00043-5","article-title":"Spatial Cournot competition and heterogeneous production costs across locations","volume":"30","author":"Mayer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Regional Science and Urban Economics"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-0462(03)00046-2_BIB21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1765(86)90049-2","article-title":"On Hotelling\u2019s competition with non-uniform customer distributions","volume":"21","author":"Neven","year":"1986","journal-title":"Economics Letters"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-0462(03)00046-2_BIB22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-7187(99)00053-3","article-title":"Two stage equilibrium and product choice with elastic demand","volume":"19","author":"Rath","year":"2001","journal-title":"International Journal of Industrial Organization"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-0462(03)00046-2_BIB23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-7187(85)90030-X","article-title":"Asset specificity and economic organization","volume":"3","author":"Riordan","year":"1985","journal-title":"International Journal of Industrial Organization"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-0462(03)00046-2_BIB24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-7187(94)00449-C","article-title":"Asymmetric equilibria in spatial competition","volume":"13","author":"Tabuchi","year":"1995","journal-title":"International Journal of Industrial Organization"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-0462(03)00046-2_BIB25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8454.00056","article-title":"On Hotelling\u2019s model with a restricted reservation price","volume":"38","author":"Wang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Australian Economic Papers"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-0462(03)00046-2_BIB26","first-page":"519","article-title":"Credible commitments: using hostages to support exchange","volume":"73","author":"Williamson","year":"1983","journal-title":"American Economic Review"}],"container-title":["Regional Science and Urban Economics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0166046203000462?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0166046203000462?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,18]],"date-time":"2019-03-18T08:23:12Z","timestamp":1552897392000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0166046203000462"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,5]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S0166046203000462"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0166-0462(03)00046-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["0166-0462"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0166-0462","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,5]]}}}