{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T02:33:24Z","timestamp":1775010804337,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,1,1]],"date-time":"2002-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1009843200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Operational Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/s0377-2217(01)00097-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,14]],"date-time":"2002-10-14T15:56:01Z","timestamp":1034610961000},"page":"1-18","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["A review of the contribution of Operational Research to Project Management"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"136","author":[{"given":"L.V.","family":"Tavares","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(01)00097-2_BIB1","series-title":"A Concept of Corporate Planning","author":"Ackoff","year":"1970"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(01)00097-2_BIB2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-2217(95)00361-4","article-title":"DAGEN a generator of testsets for project activity nets","volume":"90","author":"Agrawal","year":"1996","journal-title":"European Journal of Operational Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(01)00097-2_BIB3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(97)00331-7","article-title":"The resource constrained project scheduling problem with multiple crashable nodes: A heuristic procedure","volume":"107","author":"Ahn","year":"1998","journal-title":"European Journal of Operational Research"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(01)00097-2_BIB4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1057\/jors.1986.140","article-title":"A multivariate approach to estimating the completion time for PERT networks","volume":"37","author":"Alesarea","year":"1986","journal-title":"Journal of the Operational Research Society"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(01)00097-2_BIB5","series-title":"Network Analysis for Planning and Scheduling","author":"Battersby","year":"1967"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(01)00097-2_BIB6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1137\/0221065","article-title":"Optimal reduction of two terminal directed acyclic graph","volume":"21","author":"Bein","year":"1992","journal-title":"SIAM Journal Computing"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(01)00097-2_BIB7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(97)00347-0","article-title":"Heuristic for multimode scheduling problems with dedicated resources","volume":"107","author":"Bianco","year":"1998","journal-title":"European Journal of Operational Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(01)00097-2_BIB8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bishop, Gembey, 1985. Management information flow on a mega project. International Journal of Project Management 3 (1), 39\u201344","DOI":"10.1016\/0263-7863(85)90041-9"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(01)00097-2_BIB9","series-title":"Scheduling in Computer and Manufacturing Systems","author":"Blazewicz","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(01)00097-2_BIB10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-2217(90)90116-S","article-title":"Some efficient multi-heuristic procedures for resource-constrained project scheduling","volume":"49","author":"Boctor","year":"1990","journal-title":"European Journal of Operational Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(01)00097-2_BIB11","unstructured":"Boctor, F.F., 1994. A new and efficient heuristic for scheduling projects with resource restrictions and multiple executions modes. In: Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on PMS, Leuven"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(01)00097-2_BIB12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brucker, P., Knust, S., Schoo, A., Thiele, 1998. A branch and bound algorithm for the resource-constrained project scheduling problem. European Journal of Operational Research 107 (2), 272\u2013288","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(97)00335-4"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(01)00097-2_BIB13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1287\/opre.10.3.405","article-title":"The PERT model for the distribution of an activity time","volume":"10","author":"Clark","year":"1962","journal-title":"Operations Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(01)00097-2_BIB14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1080\/05695557308974916","article-title":"Project scheduling under resources constraints: Historical review and categorization of procedures","volume":"5","author":"Davies","year":"1972","journal-title":"AIIE Transactions"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(01)00097-2_BIB15","unstructured":"Daynand, N., Padman, R., 1994. The payment scheduling problem: A client's model. In: Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on PMS, Leuven"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(01)00097-2_BIB16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dean, B., Mertel Jr., S., Roepke, L., 1969. Research project cost distribution and budget forecasting. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management 16 (4), 176\u2013191","DOI":"10.1109\/TEM.1969.6447077"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(01)00097-2_BIB17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1287\/opre.41.5.972","article-title":"A random activity network generator","volume":"41","author":"Demeulemeester","year":"1993","journal-title":"Operations Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(01)00097-2_BIB18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1287\/opre.45.2.201","article-title":"A branch-and-bound procedure for the generalized resource constrained project scheduling problem","volume":"45","author":"Demeulemeester","year":"1997","journal-title":"Operations Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(01)00097-2_BIB19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1287\/opre.33.4.862","article-title":"Bounding the project completion time in PERT networks","volume":"33","author":"Dodin","year":"1985","journal-title":"Operations Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(01)00097-2_BIB20","series-title":"Computerized Project Control","author":"Drigani","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(01)00097-2_BIB21","series-title":"Management: Tasks, Responsibilities, Practices","author":"Drucker","year":"1974"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(01)00097-2_BIB22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.13.5.299","article-title":"On the expected duration of PERT type networks","volume":"13","author":"Elmaghraby","year":"1967","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(01)00097-2_BIB23","series-title":"Activity Networks: Project Planning and Control by Network Models","author":"Elmaghraby","year":"1977"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(01)00097-2_BIB24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-2217(90)90117-T","article-title":"Project bidding under deterministic and probabilistic activity durations","volume":"49","author":"Elmaghraby","year":"1990","journal-title":"European Journal of Operational Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(01)00097-2_BIB25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-2217(93)90177-O","article-title":"Research allocation via dynamic programming in activity networks","volume":"64","author":"Elmaghraby","year":"1993","journal-title":"European Journal of Operational Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(01)00097-2_BIB26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-2217(94)00184-E","article-title":"Activity nets: A guided tour through some recent developments","volume":"82","author":"Elmaghraby","year":"1995","journal-title":"European Journal of Operational Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(01)00097-2_BIB27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-2217(90)90118-U","article-title":"The scheduling of activities to maximize the net present value of projects","volume":"49","author":"Elmaghraby","year":"1990","journal-title":"European Journal of Operational Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(01)00097-2_BIB28","unstructured":"Ferreira, J.A., Antunes, 1989. Modelos para a gest\u00e3o de empreendimentos de Engenharia Civil. Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico (in Portuguese)"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(01)00097-2_BIB29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1287\/opre.10.6.808","article-title":"Expected critical path links in PERT networks","volume":"10","author":"Fulkerson","year":"1962","journal-title":"Operations Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(01)00097-2_BIB30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-2217(90)90119-V","article-title":"Special features of precedence network charts","volume":"49","author":"Harhalakis","year":"1990","journal-title":"European Journal of Operational Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(01)00097-2_BIB31","series-title":"Government and British Civil Aerospace","author":"Hayward","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(01)00097-2_BIB32","first-page":"17","article-title":"GIOTTO: Europe's exploratory mission to the Comet Haley","volume":"37","author":"Jenkins","year":"1984","journal-title":"Journal of the British Interplanetary Society"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(01)00097-2_BIB33","unstructured":"Kauffmann, A., Desbazeille, G., 1964. La methode du chemin critique. Dumond (in French)"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(01)00097-2_BIB34","series-title":"New Dimension of Project Management","year":"1982"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(01)00097-2_BIB35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1287\/opre.9.3.296","article-title":"Critical path planning and scheduling: Mathematical bases","volume":"9","author":"Kelley","year":"1961","journal-title":"Operations Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(01)00097-2_BIB36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-2217(93)90179-Q","article-title":"A revised critical path method for networks including both overlap relationships and variable duration activities","volume":"64","author":"Leashman","year":"1993","journal-title":"European Journal of Operational Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(01)00097-2_BIB37","first-page":"31.40","article-title":"Research \u2013 constrained scheduling of projects of variable \u2013 intensity activities","volume":"22","author":"Leashman","year":"1990","journal-title":"IIE Transactions"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(01)00097-2_BIB38","series-title":"Decision Support Systems \u2013 Tools and Techniques","author":"Mitra","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(01)00097-2_BIB39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/58562.59300","article-title":"Incremental modular decomposition","volume":"36","author":"Muller","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of ACM"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(01)00097-2_BIB40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/0263-7863(85)90025-0","article-title":"Planning of rural development centres in Pakistan","volume":"3","author":"Palmer","year":"1985","journal-title":"International Journal of Project Management"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(01)00097-2_BIB41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/0263-7863(85)90052-3","article-title":"Preparation of the school education system at the commencement of each academic year","volume":"3","author":"Palmer","year":"1985","journal-title":"International Journal of Project Management"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(01)00097-2_BIB42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.30.7.854","article-title":"A comparison of exact approaches for solving the multiple constrained research project scheduling problem","volume":"30","author":"Patterson","year":"1984","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(01)00097-2_BIB43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.16.1.93","article-title":"Project scheduling with limited resources: A zero\u2013one programming approach","volume":"16","author":"Pritsker","year":"1969","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(01)00097-2_BIB44","first-page":"97","article-title":"Sistema de apoio \u00e0 gest\u00e3o e programa\u00e7\u00e3o financeira de projectos","volume":"10","author":"Rafael","year":"1990","journal-title":"Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Operacional"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(01)00097-2_BIB45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/0305-0483(89)90016-9","article-title":"The current state of network simulation in project management theory and practice","volume":"17","author":"Ragsdale","year":"1989","journal-title":"OMEGA"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(01)00097-2_BIB46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1287\/opre.24.1.177","article-title":"Expected completions time in PERT networks","volume":"24","author":"Robillard","year":"1976","journal-title":"Operations Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(01)00097-2_BIB47","series-title":"Les probl\u00e8mes d' ordonnancement","author":"Roy","year":"1964"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(01)00097-2_BIB48","series-title":"The New Science of the Management Decision","author":"Simon","year":"1977"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(01)00097-2_BIB49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-2217(93)90185-P","article-title":"Hierarchical models for multi-project planning and scheduling","volume":"64","author":"Speranza","year":"1993","journal-title":"European Journal of Operational Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(01)00097-2_BIB50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(97)00348-2","article-title":"Multi-mode resource-constrained project scheduling by a simple, general and powerful sequencing algorithms","volume":"107","author":"Sprecher","year":"1998","journal-title":"European Journal of Operational Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(01)00097-2_BIB51","first-page":"181","article-title":"The TRIDENT approach to rank alternative tenders for large engineering project","volume":"9","author":"Tavares","year":"1984","journal-title":"Foundations of Control Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(01)00097-2_BIB52","series-title":"OR Models on Microcomputers","article-title":"Stochastic planning and control of program budgeting \u2013 the model MACAO","author":"Tavares","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(01)00097-2_BIB53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-2217(87)90196-2","article-title":"Optimal resource profiles for program scheduling","volume":"29","author":"Tavares","year":"1987","journal-title":"European Journal of Operational Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(01)00097-2_BIB54","series-title":"Advances in Project Scheduling","article-title":"A multi-stage model for project scheduling under resource constraints","author":"Tavares","year":"1989"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(01)00097-2_BIB55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-2217(90)90123-S","article-title":"A multi-stage non-deterministic model for project scheduling under resources constraints","volume":"49","author":"Tavares","year":"1990","journal-title":"European Journal of Operational Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(01)00097-2_BIB56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-2217(94)90388-3","article-title":"A stochastic model to control project duration and expenditure","volume":"78","author":"Tavares","year":"1994","journal-title":"European Journal of Operational Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(01)00097-2_BIB57","series-title":"Advanced Models for Project Management","author":"Tavares","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(01)00097-2_BIB58","unstructured":"Tavares, L.V., 2000. A Multicriteria project assessment for the new Concert Hall of Oporto 2001 \u2013 Casa da M\u00fasica. CESUR, Lisbon"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(01)00097-2_BIB59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-2217(90)90115-R","article-title":"Project management and scheduling: A permanent challenge for OR","volume":"49","author":"Tavares","year":"1990","journal-title":"European Journal of Operational Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(01)00097-2_BIB60","unstructured":"Tavares, L.V., Ferreira, J.A., Coelho, J.S., 1997. The risk of delay of a project in terms of a morphology of its network. EURO XV\u2013INFORMS XXXIV Conference, Barcelona, Spain"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(01)00097-2_BIB61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(97)00344-5","article-title":"On the optimal management of project risk","volume":"107","author":"Tavares","year":"1998","journal-title":"European Journal of Operational Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(01)00097-2_BIB62","unstructured":"US Navy, 1958. PERT Summary Reports, Phase 1 and Phase 2, Special Projects Office, Bureau of Naval Weapons, Department of Navy, Washington, USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(01)00097-2_BIB63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.27.9.1040","article-title":"Project scheduling with continuously divisible doubly constrained resources","volume":"27","author":"Weglarz","year":"1981","journal-title":"Management Science"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Operational Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0377221701000972?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0377221701000972?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,7]],"date-time":"2020-01-07T16:51:45Z","timestamp":1578415905000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0377221701000972"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,1]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0377221701000972"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0377-2217(01)00097-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["0377-2217"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0377-2217","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,1]]}}}