{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T15:46:14Z","timestamp":1762443974061},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,1]],"date-time":"2005-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1104537600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Research in Transportation Economics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/s0739-8859(05)14004-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,9,23]],"date-time":"2005-09-23T09:47:05Z","timestamp":1127468825000},"page":"85-124","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Operating Costs"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ofelia","family":"Betancor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Carmona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ros\u00e1rio","family":"Mac\u00e1rio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Nash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"December","key":"10.1016\/S0739-8859(05)14004-9_bib1","first-page":"633","article-title":"The costing of bus, light rail transit and metro public transport systems","volume":"22","author":"Allport","year":"1981","journal-title":"Traffic Engineering and Control"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/S0739-8859(05)14004-9_bib2","first-page":"159","article-title":"Economies of scale in the airline industry: The evidence revisited","volume":"27","author":"Antoniou","year":"1991","journal-title":"Logistic and Transportation Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/S0739-8859(05)14004-9_bib3","first-page":"99","article-title":"An econometric alternative to URCS (Uniform Railroad Costing System)","volume":"25","author":"Bereskin","year":"1989","journal-title":"Logistics and Transportation Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0739-8859(05)14004-9_bib4","unstructured":"Betancor, O., & Nombela, G. (2001). European Air Transport Operating Costs. UNITE Project Workpackage 6, Supplier Operating Costs, Case Study 6c."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0739-8859(05)14004-9_bib6","series-title":"Learning about transport costs. Essays in transportation economics and policy: A handbook in honour of John Meyer J. Gomez-Ibanez, W. Tie and C. Winston","author":"Braeutigam","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0739-8859(05)14004-9_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.2307\/1057018","article-title":"Modelling the structure of cost and production for multi-product firms","volume":"46","author":"Brown","year":"1979","journal-title":"Southern Economic Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0739-8859(05)14004-9_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1086\/467318","article-title":"Economies of Traffic Density in the deregulated Airline industry","volume":"XXXVII","author":"Brueckner","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Law and Economics"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0739-8859(05)14004-9_bib49","first-page":"994","article-title":"Productivity growth, scale economics and capacity utilization in US railroads, 1995\u20131974","volume":"71","author":"Caves","year":"1987","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0739-8859(05)14004-9_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.2307\/2555519","article-title":"Economies of density versus economies of scale: Why trunk and local service airlines costs differ","author":"Caves","year":"1984","journal-title":"Rand Journal of Economics"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0739-8859(05)14004-9_bib50","series-title":"Analytical Studies in Transport Economics,","first-page":"97","article-title":"Network effects and the measurement of returns to scale and density for U.S. railroads","author":"Caves","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0739-8859(05)14004-9_bib11","series-title":"Public regulation: New perspectives on institution and policies","article-title":"An assessment of the efficiency effects of us airline deregulation via an international comparison","author":"Caves","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0739-8859(05)14004-9_bib12","article-title":"Process and production function from engineering data","author":"Chenery","year":"1953"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/S0739-8859(05)14004-9_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2921(92)90073-6","article-title":"Estimating a multiple-output generalized Box-Cox cost function : Cost structure and productivity growth in Belgian railroad operations, 1950\u20131986","volume":"36","author":"De Borger","year":"1992","journal-title":"European Economic Review, Elsevier"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0739-8859(05)14004-9_bib13","series-title":"Flying off course. The economics of international airlines","author":"Doganis","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0739-8859(05)14004-9_bib14","unstructured":"ECMT (1998). User charges for railway infrastructure. Round Table 107, Paris."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0739-8859(05)14004-9_bib15","unstructured":"FISCUS (1999). D2 \u2013 Report on methodological framework to evaluate real transport costs, European Commission."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0739-8859(05)14004-9_bib16","unstructured":"FISCUS (1999). D3 \u2013 Guide for the evaluation of real transport costs, European Commission."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/S0739-8859(05)14004-9_bib52","first-page":"131","volume":"27","author":"Friedlaender","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Transport Economics and Policy"},{"issue":"January","key":"10.1016\/S0739-8859(05)14004-9_bib18","first-page":"9","article-title":"Airline cost structure and policy implications. A multi-product approach for Canadian Airlines","volume":"24","author":"Gillen","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Transport Economics and Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0739-8859(05)14004-9_bib21","series-title":"Improved structure and organisation for urban transport operations of passengers in Europe","year":"1997"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/S0739-8859(05)14004-9_bib22","first-page":"217","article-title":"The optimal size ship","volume":"16","author":"Jansson","year":"1982","journal-title":"Journal of Transport Economics and Policy"},{"issue":"May","key":"10.1016\/S0739-8859(05)14004-9_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.2307\/1924440","article-title":"Railroad costs, returns to scale and express capacity","volume":"56","author":"Keeler","year":"1974","journal-title":"Review of Economics and Statistics"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0739-8859(05)14004-9_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1080\/00036848700000105","article-title":"Economies of scale and scope in multiproduct firms: evidence from US railroads","volume":"19","author":"Kim","year":"1987","journal-title":"Applied Economics"},{"issue":"September","key":"10.1016\/S0739-8859(05)14004-9_bib25","first-page":"339","article-title":"Airline economics of scale and Australian domestic air transport policy","volume":"20","author":"Kirby","year":"1986","journal-title":"Journal of Transport Economics and Policy"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/S0739-8859(05)14004-9_bib26","first-page":"151","article-title":"Economies of scale in bus transport: Some United States experience","volume":"6","author":"Koshal","year":"1972","journal-title":"Journal of Transport Economics and Policy"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/S0739-8859(05)14004-9_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.2307\/1060621","article-title":"A re-examination of returns to scale, density and technical progress in the US Airlines","volume":"57","author":"Kumbhakar","year":"1990","journal-title":"Southern Economic Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0739-8859(05)14004-9_bib28","series-title":"Railway economy: A treatise on the new art of transport, its management prospects and relations","author":"Lardner","year":"1850"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0739-8859(05)14004-9_bib29","unstructured":"Mac\u00e1rio, R., Carmona, M., Crespo Diu, F., Betancor, O., Nombela, G., Ericsson, R., & Jansson, J. O. (2003). Supplier operating costs case studies. UNITE (UNIfication of accounts and marginal costs for Transport Efficiency) Leeds, ITS, Funded by the 5th Framework RTD Programme."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0739-8859(05)14004-9_bib31","article-title":"Cost revenue and profit functions","author":"McFadden","year":"1978"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0739-8859(05)14004-9_bib32","first-page":"70","article-title":"Management objectives, fares and service levels in bus transport","volume":"12","author":"Nash","year":"1978","journal-title":"Journal of Transport Economics and Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0739-8859(05)14004-9_bib33","unstructured":"Nelson, G. R. (1972). An econometric model of urban bus transit operations. Paper P-863, Institute for Defense Analysis."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S0739-8859(05)14004-9_bib34","first-page":"45","article-title":"The economics of bus transit operations","volume":"20","author":"Obeng","year":"1984","journal-title":"Logistics and Transportation Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/S0739-8859(05)14004-9_bib35","first-page":"309","article-title":"A note on scale economies in transport","volume":"31","author":"Oum","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Transport Economics and Policy"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/S0739-8859(05)14004-9_bib36","first-page":"423","article-title":"A survey of recent developments in transportation cost function research","volume":"32","author":"Oum","year":"1993","journal-title":"Logistics and Transportation Review"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/S0739-8859(05)14004-9_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1080\/01441648808716694","article-title":"The analysis of bus costs and revenues by time period","volume":"8","author":"Savage","year":"1988","journal-title":"Transport Reviews"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S0739-8859(05)14004-9_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/01441648908716705","article-title":"The analysis of bus costs and revenues by time period","volume":"9","author":"Savage","year":"1989","journal-title":"Transport Reviews"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/S0739-8859(05)14004-9_bib39","first-page":"459","article-title":"Scale economies in United States rail transit systems","volume":"31","author":"Savage","year":"1997","journal-title":"Transportation Research \u2013 A"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0739-8859(05)14004-9_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.2307\/1883826","article-title":"The theory of investment and production","volume":"73","author":"Smith","year":"1959","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Economics"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0739-8859(05)14004-9_bib41","series-title":"Maritime economics","author":"Stopford","year":"1997"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S0739-8859(05)14004-9_bib42","first-page":"91","article-title":"Economies of density of ocean tanker ships","volume":"20","author":"Talley","year":"1986","journal-title":"Journal of Transport Economics and Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0739-8859(05)14004-9_bib45","unstructured":"UNIFE LCC Working Group. (2001). Guidelines for Life Cycle Cost \u2013 Volume II \u2013 Terms and definitions for total railway systems. Retrieved September 16, 2003, from UNIFE \u2013Union of the European Railway Industries \u2013 web site: http:\/\/www.unife.org\/workgroups\/lcc_2.htm"},{"issue":"Jan\u2013April","key":"10.1016\/S0739-8859(05)14004-9_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2307\/1910949","article-title":"Production and cost functions: An econometric survey","volume":"31","author":"Walters","year":"1963","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"issue":"January","key":"10.1016\/S0739-8859(05)14004-9_bib48","first-page":"31","article-title":"The world Airlines. A cost and productivity comparison","volume":"25","author":"Windle","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Transport Economics and Policy"}],"container-title":["Research in Transportation Economics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0739885905140049?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0739885905140049?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,21]],"date-time":"2019-01-21T23:53:20Z","timestamp":1548114800000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0739885905140049"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,1]]},"references-count":43,"alternative-id":["S0739885905140049"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0739-8859(05)14004-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["0739-8859"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0739-8859","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,1]]}}}