{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T11:38:14Z","timestamp":1777117094364,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614556800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614556800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","thelancet.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Lancet Respiratory Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/s2213-2600(20)30552-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,12]],"date-time":"2021-01-12T15:53:41Z","timestamp":1610466821000},"page":"239-250","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":443,"title":["Prevalence and risk factors for delirium in critically ill patients with COVID-19 (COVID-D): a multicentre cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Brenda T","family":"Pun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rafael","family":"Badenes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Heras La Calle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Onur M","family":"Orun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Wencong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rameela","family":"Raman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Beata-Gabriela K","family":"Simpson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Wilson-Linville","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Borja","family":"Hinojal Olmedillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Vallejo de la Cueva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mathieu","family":"van der Jagt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rosal\u00eda","family":"Navarro Casado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Pilar","family":"Leal Sanz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"G\u00fcnseli","family":"Orhun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Ferrer G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Karla","family":"N\u00fa\u00f1ez V\u00e1zquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Pi\u00f1eiro Otero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Fabio Silvio","family":"Taccone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Gallego Curto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Anselmo","family":"Caricato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hilde","family":"Woien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Guillaume","family":"Lacave","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"suffix":"Jr","given":"Hollis R","family":"O'Neal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sarah J","family":"Peterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nathan E","family":"Brummel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Timothy D","family":"Girard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"E Wesley","family":"Ely","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Pratik P","family":"Pandharipande","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jacques","family":"Creteur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Elisa Govea","family":"Bogossian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Peluso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Felipe","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Seguel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Viviane","family":"Hidalgo-Calibin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Pablo","family":"Carre\u00f1o-Montenegro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ver\u00f3nica","family":"Rojas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Tobar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Ram\u00edrez-Palma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Herrera-Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Alexis","family":"Ferr\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"St\u00e9phane","family":"Legriel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Godet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ugo","family":"Fraisse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Aur\u00e9lien","family":"Mazeraud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Myrto","family":"Tzimou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Rasulo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Beretta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mattia","family":"Marchesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Robba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Denise","family":"Battaglini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Pelosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Anna Teresa","family":"Mazzeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Noto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Servillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Annachiara","family":"Marra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Salvatore Lucio","family":"Cutuli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Gabriele","family":"Pintaudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Eleonora","family":"Stival","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Eloisa Sofia","family":"Tanzarella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Erik","family":"Roman-Pognuz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Chiara Maria","family":"Concetta Massaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Muhammed","family":"Elhadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Smit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Theresa","family":"Olasveengen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Isabel Jesus","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Carla Margarida","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Valente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Granja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Pereia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Blanca","family":"Furquet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"M\u00f3nica","family":"Garc\u00eda Sim\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Daniel A","family":"Godoy Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Berta","family":"Monle\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Esteban","family":"Morcillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nekane","family":"Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ainhoa","family":"Serrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Torrico S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Francisco Luis","family":"P\u00e9rez Caballero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Pe\u00f1a Luna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ignacio","family":"Baeza G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Milagros","family":"Calizaya Vargas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jordi","family":"Morillas P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Gen\u00eds","family":"Carrasco G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ricard","family":"Molina Latorre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sheila","family":"Moya Guti\u00e9rrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Irene Patricia","family":"Bar\u00f3n Barrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Delgado Palacios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Beatriz","family":"Garc\u00eda G\u00f3ngora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Labrador Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Galarza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ignacio","family":"Catal\u00e1n-Monz\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Enver","family":"Rodriguez-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Murcia Gubianas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ariadna","family":"Bell\u00e8s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Esther","family":"Rodriguez Delgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Caballero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Dulce","family":"Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9s","family":"Pujol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Rubio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Eva","family":"\u00c1lvarez Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Estefan\u00eda","family":"Carvajal Revuelta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"de la Calle Gil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Blanca","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez Tom\u00e1s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Berta","family":"Gallego Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Matilde","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez Serrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Paloma","family":"LaTorre Andreu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Aris","family":"P\u00e9rez Lucendo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Abril Palomares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Cruz","family":"Mart\u00edn Delgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Mu\u00f1oz De Cabo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Pablo T.","family":"Aznar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Carlos A.","family":"Calvo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ignacio","family":"Garutti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Higuero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"David","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Gascue\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Emilio","family":"Maseda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Itziar","family":"Insausti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Montero Feijoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Suarez-de-la-Rica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Beatriz","family":"Del Moral Barbudo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yago","family":"Garc\u00eda Blanco-Traba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Maria Claudia","family":"Gim\u00e9nez Santamarina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Alba","family":"Gonzalo Mill\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Llorente Damas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"David","family":"Pesta\u00f1a Lagunas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Reyes Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Ruiz Perea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"\u00c1lvaro","family":"Ortega Guerrero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Jes\u00fas","family":"M\u00e1rmol Cubillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"David","family":"D\u00edaz Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Garc\u00eda de Castrill\u00f3n i Ramal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Xavier","family":"Andorr\u00e0 Sunyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda de las Nieves","family":"Noci Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rosa Mar\u00eda","family":"P\u00e9rez Manrique","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Emilio","family":"del Campo Molina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Elena","family":"Mart\u00ednez Quintana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sol","family":"Fernandez-Gonzalo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Gemma","family":"Gom\u00e0 Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Guillem","family":"Navarra-Ventura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Bar\u00f3 Serra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Fuster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Oriol","family":"Plans Galv\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Gil-Castillejos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Dalorzo Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Francisco Javier","family":"Mor\u00e1n Gallego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Paredes Borrachero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Rodr\u00edguez Villamizar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Romeu Prieto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9","family":"S\u00e1nchez Carretero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Susana","family":"Gallardo S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Filadelfo","family":"Bustos Molina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Luisa","family":"Garc\u00eda P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Castello-Mora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jaume","family":"Puig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Rosa","family":"Sanchis-Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Carmen Andrea","family":"Sanchis-Veryser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Pilar","family":"Vicente-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rafael","family":"Zaragoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Lizama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"\u00c1lvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Meri","family":"Martin Cerezuela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Jes\u00fas","family":"Montero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jose","family":"Garc\u00eda Cantos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Valls","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nerea","family":"Aretxabala Cortajarena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Pablo","family":"Garc\u00eda Domelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez Cubillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Mart\u00edn Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"In\u00e9s","family":"P\u00e9rez Francisco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yolanda","family":"Poveda Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Amaia","family":"Quintano Rodero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"C\u00e9sar","family":"Rodriguez Nu\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Siegemund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Estermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"N\u00faria","family":"Zellweger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Imen","family":"Ben Saida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Boussarsar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Figen","family":"Esen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Perihan","family":"Ergin \u00d6zcan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Berkey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Harb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Morgan H.","family":"Tandy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ellis","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Shephard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Robert C","family":"Hyzy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Kenes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kristine","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Robert E.","family":"Hosse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Katie M.","family":"Vance","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"C. Adrian","family":"Austin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Aaron","family":"Lerner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Sanders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Robert A","family":"Balk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"David A","family":"Bennett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Andrew R.","family":"Vogel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"Chowdhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kiran","family":"Devulapally","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Woodham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nihal","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Catherine M.","family":"Kuza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mandeep","family":"Sing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Spencer","family":"Roberson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kelly","family":"Drumright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sameep","family":"Sehgal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sara C.","family":"LaHue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Vanja C.","family":"Douglas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Aarti","family":"Sarwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30552-X_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001017","article-title":"A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019","volume":"382","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30552-X_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30079-5","article-title":"Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30552-X_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5","article-title":"Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China","volume":"395","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30552-X_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25728","article-title":"The neuroinvasive potential of SARS-CoV2 may play a role in the respiratory failure of COVID-19 patients","volume":"92","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30552-X_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.0c00122","article-title":"Evidence of the COVID-19 virus targeting the CNS: tissue distribution, host-virus interaction, and proposed neurotropic mechanisms","volume":"11","author":"Baig","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Chem Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30552-X_bib7","article-title":"Neurological manifestations of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective case series study","author":"Mao","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30552-X_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1301372","article-title":"Long-term cognitive impairment after critical illness","volume":"369","author":"Pandharipande","year":"2013","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30552-X_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.291.14.1753","article-title":"Delirium as a predictor of mortality in mechanically ventilated patients in the intensive care unit","volume":"291","author":"Ely","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30552-X_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e825","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000003299","article-title":"Clinical practice guidelines for the prevention and management of pain, agitation\/sedation, delirium, immobility, and sleep disruption in adult patients in the ICU","volume":"46","author":"Devlin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30552-X_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2506","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1808217","article-title":"Haloperidol and ziprasidone for treatment of delirium in critical illness","volume":"379","author":"Girard","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30552-X_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-03200-1","article-title":"Delirium and encephalopathy in severe COVID-19: a cohort analysis of ICU patients","volume":"24","author":"Helms","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30552-X_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e198","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000005131","article-title":"The use of analgesia and sedation in mechanically ventilated patients with COVID-19 ARDS","volume":"131","author":"Kapp","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30552-X_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2329","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.6825","article-title":"Management of COVID-19 respiratory distress","volume":"323","author":"Marini","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30552-X_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e40","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000004887","article-title":"Sedation of mechanically ventilated COVID-19 patients: challenges and special considerations","volume":"131","author":"Hanidziar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30552-X_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30304-0","article-title":"COVID-19-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome: is a different approach to management warranted?","volume":"8","author":"Fan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30552-X_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31189-2","article-title":"Epidemiology, clinical course, and outcomes of critically ill adults with COVID-19 in New York City: a prospective cohort study","volume":"395","author":"Cummings","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30552-X_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2440","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.16803","article-title":"Delirium and adverse outcomes in hospitalized patients with COVID-19","volume":"68","author":"Garcez","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30552-X_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2159","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-020-01699-6","article-title":"Delirium in COVID-19: epidemiology and clinical correlations in a large group of patients admitted to an academic hospital","volume":"32","author":"Ticinesi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30552-X_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-02882-x","article-title":"COVID-19: ICU delirium management during SARS-CoV-2 pandemic","volume":"24","author":"Kotfis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30552-X_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30221-0","article-title":"Neurological associations of COVID-19","volume":"19","author":"Ellul","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30552-X_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010","article-title":"Research electronic data capture (REDCap)--a metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support","volume":"42","author":"Harris","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30552-X_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2983","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.22.2983","article-title":"Monitoring sedation status over time in ICU patients: reliability and validity of the Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS)","volume":"289","author":"Ely","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30552-X_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199907000-00022","article-title":"Prospective evaluation of the Sedation-Agitation Scale for adult critically ill patients","volume":"27","author":"Riker","year":"1999","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30552-X_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(74)91639-0","article-title":"Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness. A practical scale","volume":"2","author":"Teasdale","year":"1974","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30552-X_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2703","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.286.21.2703","article-title":"Delirium in mechanically ventilated patients: validity and reliability of the confusion assessment method for the intensive care unit (CAM-ICU)","volume":"286","author":"Ely","year":"2001","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30552-X_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1007\/s001340100909","article-title":"Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist: evaluation of a new screening tool","volume":"27","author":"Bergeron","year":"2001","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30552-X_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000254067.14607.EB","article-title":"Clinical practice guidelines for support of the family in the patient-centered intensive care unit: American College of Critical Care Medicine Task Force 2004\u20132005","volume":"35","author":"Davidson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30552-X_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000003482","article-title":"Caring for critically ill patients with the ABCDEF bundle: results of the ICU Liberation Collaborative in over 15,000 adults","volume":"47","author":"Pun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30552-X_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2014.07.013","article-title":"The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies","volume":"12","author":"von Elm","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30552-X_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000002149","article-title":"Improving hospital survival and reducing brain dysfunction at seven California community hospitals: implementing PAD guidelines via the ABCDEF bundle in 6,064 patients","volume":"45","author":"Barnes-Daly","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30552-X_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4316","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.7433","article-title":"Modeling continuous response variables using ordinal regression","volume":"36","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30552-X_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.2307\/1912934","article-title":"A heteroskedasticity-consistent covariance matrix estimator and a direct test for heteroskedasticity","volume":"48","author":"White","year":"1980","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30552-X_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.00621.x","article-title":"Delirium and its motoric subtypes: a study of 614 critically ill patients","volume":"54","author":"Peterson","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30552-X_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2003","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000001849","article-title":"Employment outcomes after critical illness: an analysis of the bringing to light the risk factors and incidence of neuropsychological dysfunction in ICU survivors cohort","volume":"44","author":"Norman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30552-X_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(14)70051-7","article-title":"Depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and functional disability in survivors of critical illness in the BRAIN-ICU study: a longitudinal cohort study","volume":"2","author":"Jackson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30552-X_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2019373","article-title":"Neuropathological features of Covid-19","volume":"383","author":"Solomon","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30552-X_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1754","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000010111","article-title":"Neurochemical evidence of astrocytic and neuronal injury commonly found in COVID-19","volume":"95","author":"Kanberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30552-X_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200601000-00005","article-title":"Lorazepam is an independent risk factor for transitioning to delirium in intensive care unit patients","volume":"104","author":"Pandharipande","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30552-X_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1111\/wvn.12290","article-title":"Improving health care for critically ill patients using an evidence-based collaborative approach to ABCDEF bundle dissemination and implementation","volume":"15","author":"Barnes-Daly","year":"2018","journal-title":"Worldviews Evid Based Nurs"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30552-X_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60105-1","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of a paired sedation and ventilator weaning protocol for mechanically ventilated patients in intensive care (Awakening and Breathing Controlled trial): a randomised controlled trial","volume":"371","author":"Girard","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30552-X_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e318232da75","article-title":"Improving long-term outcomes after discharge from intensive care unit: report from a stakeholders' conference","volume":"40","author":"Needham","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30552-X_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2518","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000000525","article-title":"Exploring the scope of post-intensive care syndrome therapy and care: engagement of non-critical care providers and survivors in a second stakeholders meeting","volume":"42","author":"Elliott","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30552-X_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000003218","article-title":"Co-occurrence of post-intensive care syndrome problems among 406 survivors of critical illness","volume":"46","author":"Marra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30552-X_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2018.09.006","article-title":"Patient and family engagement in the ICU: report from the task force of the World Federation of Societies of Intensive and Critical Care Medicine","volume":"48","author":"Kleinpell","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30552-X_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2171","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-013-3034-5","article-title":"Effect of sedation level on the prevalence of delirium when assessed with CAM-ICU and ICDSC","volume":"39","author":"Haenggi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30552-X_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201310-1815OC","article-title":"Rapidly reversible, sedation-related delirium versus persistent delirium in the intensive care unit","volume":"189","author":"Patel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1016\/s2213-2600(21)00047-3","type":"erratum","label":"Erratum","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614556800000}}],"container-title":["The Lancet Respiratory Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S221326002030552X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S221326002030552X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T06:41:32Z","timestamp":1761979292000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S221326002030552X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S221326002030552X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s2213-2600(20)30552-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["2213-2600"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2213-2600","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Prevalence and risk factors for delirium in critically ill patients with COVID-19 (COVID-D): a multicentre cohort study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The Lancet Respiratory Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30552-X","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30570-1","name":"associatedlink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to the associated document"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}