{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T07:11:48Z","timestamp":1775891508616,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677628800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677628800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,3]],"date-time":"2023-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672704000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004515","name":"Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004515","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004564","name":"Ministarstvo Prosvete, Nauke i Tehnolo\u0161kog Razvoja","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004564","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004895","name":"European Social Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OI 175 014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OI 175 014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004895","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019305","name":"Manipal Academy of Higher Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019305","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015777","name":"Division of Research Capacity Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015777","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001322","name":"South African Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100016979","name":"National Treasury","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100016979","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001774","name":"University of Sydney","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CENTRO-04-3559-FSE-000162"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CENTRO-04-3559-FSE-000162"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001774","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020537","name":"Research Management Centre, International Islamic University Malaysia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020537","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","thelancet.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Lancet Global Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/s2214-109x(23)00007-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,25]],"date-time":"2023-01-25T08:26:15Z","timestamp":1674635175000},"page":"e385-e413","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":187,"title":["Global investments in pandemic preparedness and COVID-19: development assistance and domestic spending on health between 1990 and 2026"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Angela E","family":"Micah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kayleigh","family":"Bhangdia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ian E","family":"Cogswell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Dylan","family":"Lasher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Brendan","family":"Lidral-Porter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Emilie R","family":"Maddison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Trang Nhu Ngoc","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nishali","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Pedroza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Solorio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hayley","family":"Stutzman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Golsum","family":"Tsakalos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yifeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Wesley","family":"Warriner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yingxi","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Bianca S","family":"Zlavog","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Cristiana","family":"Abbafati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jaffar","family":"Abbas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mohsen","family":"Abbasi-Kangevari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Zeinab","family":"Abbasi-Kangevari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Abdelmasseh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Deldar Morad","family":"Abdulah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Aidin","family":"Abedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kedir Hussein","family":"Abegaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"E S","family":"Abhilash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Richard Gyan","family":"Aboagye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hassan","family":"Abolhassani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Michael R M","family":"Abrigo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hiwa","family":"Abubaker Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Eman","family":"Abu-Gharbieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mohammed Hussien","family":"Adem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Muhammad Sohail","family":"Afzal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Ahmadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Haroon","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Tarik","family":"Ahmed Rashid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Budi","family":"Aji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hossein","family":"Akbarialiabad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yibeltal","family":"Akelew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hanadi","family":"Al Hamad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Khurshid","family":"Alam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Fahad Mashhour","family":"Alanezi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Turki M","family":"Alanzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mohammed Khaled","family":"Al-Hanawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Robert Kaba","family":"Alhassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Syed Mohamed","family":"Aljunid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sami","family":"Almustanyir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rajaa M","family":"Al-Raddadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nelson","family":"Alvis-Guzman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nelson J","family":"Alvis-Zakzuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Azmeraw T","family":"Amare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Edward Kwabena","family":"Ameyaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mostafa","family":"Amini-Rarani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hubert","family":"Amu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Ancuceanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Tudorel","family":"Andrei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sumadi Lukman","family":"Anwar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Francis","family":"Appiah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Aqeel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jalal","family":"Arabloo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Morteza","family":"Arab-Zozani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Aleksandr Y","family":"Aravkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Olatunde","family":"Aremu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Raphael Taiwo","family":"Aruleba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Seyyed Shamsadin","family":"Athari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Leticia","family":"Avila-Burgos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Martin Amogre","family":"Ayanore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Samad","family":"Azari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Atif Amin","family":"Baig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Abere Tilahun","family":"Bantie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Amadou","family":"Barrow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Pritish","family":"Baskaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sanjay","family":"Basu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Abdul-Monim Mohammad","family":"Batiha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Bernhard T","family":"Baune","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Zombor","family":"Berezvai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nikha","family":"Bhardwaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Pankaj","family":"Bhardwaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sonu","family":"Bhaskar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Micheal Kofi","family":"Boachie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Virginia","family":"Bodolica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Silva Botelho","family":"Botelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Dejana","family":"Braithwaite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nicholas J K","family":"Breitborde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Reinhard","family":"Busse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lucero","family":"Cahuana-Hurtado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ferr\u00e1n","family":"Catal\u00e1-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Collins","family":"Chansa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jaykaran","family":"Charan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Vijay Kumar","family":"Chattu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Simiao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Isaac Sunday","family":"Chukwu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Omid","family":"Dadras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lalit","family":"Dandona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rakhi","family":"Dandona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Abdollah","family":"Dargahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sisay Abebe","family":"Debela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Edgar","family":"Denova-Guti\u00e9rrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Belay","family":"Desye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Samath Dhamminda","family":"Dharmaratne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nancy","family":"Diao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Linh Phuong","family":"Doan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Milad","family":"Dodangeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Wendel Mombaque","family":"dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Leila","family":"Doshmangir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"John","family":"Dube","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ebrahim","family":"Eini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Maysaa","family":"El Sayed Zaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Maha","family":"El Tantawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Daniel Berhanie","family":"Enyew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sharareh","family":"Eskandarieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mohamad","family":"Ezati Asar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Adeniyi Francis","family":"Fagbamigbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Emerito Jose A","family":"Faraon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Fatehizadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hamed","family":"Fattahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ginenus","family":"Fekadu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Florian","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nataliya A","family":"Foigt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kayode Raphael","family":"Fowobaje","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Takeshi","family":"Fukumoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nancy","family":"Fullman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Peter Andras","family":"Gaal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Amiran","family":"Gamkrelidze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"M A","family":"Garcia-Gordillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mesfin","family":"Gebrehiwot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Urge","family":"Gerema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mansour","family":"Ghafourifard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Seyyed-Hadi","family":"Ghamari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Reza","family":"Ghanbari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ahmad","family":"Ghashghaee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Gholamrezanezhad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mahaveer","family":"Golechha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Golinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yitayal Ayalew","family":"Goshu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Girma Garedew","family":"Goyomsa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Avirup","family":"Guha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Damitha Asanga","family":"Gunawardane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Bhawna","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Samer","family":"Hamidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Harapan","family":"Harapan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Reza","family":"Hashempour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Khezar","family":"Hayat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Golnaz","family":"Heidari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ileana","family":"Heredia-Pi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Claudiu","family":"Herteliu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Demisu Zenbaba","family":"Heyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kamal","family":"Hezam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yuta","family":"Hiraike","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mbuzeleni Mbuzeleni","family":"Hlongwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ramesh","family":"Holla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mohammad Enamul","family":"Hoque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mehdi","family":"Hosseinzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sorin","family":"Hostiuc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Salman","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Olayinka Stephen","family":"Ilesanmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mustapha","family":"Immurana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Arnaud","family":"Iradukunda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nahlah Elkudssiah","family":"Ismail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Gaetano","family":"Isola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Linda Merin","family":"J","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mihajlo","family":"Jakovljevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mahsa","family":"Jalili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Manthan Dilipkumar","family":"Janodia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Tahereh","family":"Javaheri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sathish Kumar","family":"Jayapal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Digisie Mequanint","family":"Jemere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Tamas","family":"Joo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nitin","family":"Joseph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jacek Jerzy","family":"Jozwiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mikk","family":"J\u00fcrisson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Billingsley","family":"Kaambwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Vidya","family":"Kadashetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rajendra","family":"Kadel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Dler Hussein","family":"Kadir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Laleh R","family":"Kalankesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rajesh","family":"Kamath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Himal","family":"Kandel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rami S","family":"Kantar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Shama D","family":"Karanth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ibraheem M","family":"Karaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Salah Eddin","family":"Karimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Bekalu Getnet","family":"Kassa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Gbenga A","family":"Kayode","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Leila","family":"Keikavoosi-Arani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Vikash Ranjan","family":"Keshri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Cumali","family":"Keskin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yousef Saleh","family":"Khader","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Morteza Abdullatif","family":"Khafaie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Himanshu","family":"Khajuria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hamid Reza","family":"Khayat Kashani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Zemene Demelash","family":"Kifle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hanna","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jihee","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Min Seo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yun Jin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Adnan","family":"Kisa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Kohler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Farzad","family":"Kompani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Soewarta","family":"Kosen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sindhura Lakshmi","family":"Koulmane Laxminarayana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ai","family":"Koyanagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kewal","family":"Krishan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Dian","family":"Kusuma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Judit","family":"L\u00e1m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Demetris","family":"Lamnisos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Anders O","family":"Larsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sang-woong","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Shaun Wen Huey","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Wei-Chen","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yo Han","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jacopo","family":"Lenzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lee-Ling","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"L\u00e1szl\u00f3","family":"Lorenzovici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rafael","family":"Lozano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Vanessa Sintra Machado","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Farzan","family":"Madadizadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Magdy Abd El Razek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Razzagh","family":"Mahmoudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Azeem","family":"Majeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mohammad-Reza","family":"Malekpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ana Laura","family":"Manda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Borhan","family":"Mansouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mohammad Ali","family":"Mansournia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lorenzo Giovanni","family":"Mantovani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Carlos Alberto","family":"Marrugo Arnedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Miquel","family":"Martorell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Masoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Elezebeth","family":"Mathews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Richard James","family":"Maude","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Enkeleint A","family":"Mechili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Entezar","family":"Mehrabi Nasab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Jo\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o Mendes","family":"Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Atte","family":"Meretoja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Tuomo J","family":"Meretoja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mohamed Kamal","family":"Mesregah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Tomislav","family":"Mestrovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Andreea","family":"Mirica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Erkin M","family":"Mirrakhimov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mizan Kiros","family":"Mirutse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Moonis","family":"Mirza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Awoke","family":"Misganaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Marcello","family":"Moccia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Javad","family":"Moghadasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Esmaeil","family":"Mohammadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mokhtar","family":"Mohammadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Abdollah","family":"Mohammadian-Hafshejani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Marita","family":"Mohammadshahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Shafiu","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Mohseni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ali H","family":"Mokdad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Monasta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Elias","family":"Mossialos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ebrahim","family":"Mostafavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Haleh","family":"Mousavi Isfahani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Mpundu-Kaambwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Shruti","family":"Murthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Saravanan","family":"Muthupandian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ahamarshan Jayaraman","family":"Nagarajan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kovin S","family":"Naidoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mukhammad David","family":"Naimzada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Vinay","family":"Nangia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Atta Abbas","family":"Naqvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Biswa Prakash","family":"Nayak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rawlance","family":"Ndejjo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Trang Huyen","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nafise","family":"Noroozi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jean Jacques","family":"Noubiap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Khan M","family":"Nuruzzaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Chimezie Igwegbe","family":"Nzoputam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ogochukwu Janet","family":"Nzoputam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Bogdan","family":"Oancea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Felix Chukwudi Abrahams","family":"Obi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Abiola","family":"Ogunkoya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"In-Hwan","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Osaretin Christabel","family":"Okonji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Andrew T","family":"Olagunju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Tinuke O","family":"Olagunju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Babayemi Oluwaseun","family":"Olakunde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Omar Bali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Obinna E","family":"Onwujekwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"John Nelson","family":"Opio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Adrian","family":"Otoiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nikita","family":"Otstavnov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Stanislav S","family":"Otstavnov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mayowa O","family":"Owolabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Tam\u00e1s","family":"Palicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Raffaele","family":"Palladino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Adrian","family":"Pana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Tarang","family":"Parekh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Deepak Kumar","family":"Pasupula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jay","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"George C","family":"Patton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Uttam","family":"Paudel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mihaela","family":"Paun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Shrikant","family":"Pawar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Perna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Navaraj","family":"Perumalsamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ionela-Roxana","family":"Petcu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Zahra Zahid","family":"Piracha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mohsen","family":"Poursadeqiyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Naeimeh","family":"Pourtaheri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sergio I","family":"Prada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sima","family":"Rafiei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Pankaja Raghav","family":"Raghav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Fakher","family":"Rahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mohammad Hifz Ur","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mosiur","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Amir Masoud","family":"Rahmani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Chhabi Lal","family":"Ranabhat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Temam Beshir","family":"Raru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sina","family":"Rashedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mohammad-Mahdi","family":"Rashidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ramin","family":"Ravangard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Salman","family":"Rawaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Reza","family":"Rawassizadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Elrashdy Moustafa Mohamed","family":"Redwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Robert C","family":"Reiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Andre M N","family":"Renzaho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Rezaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nazila","family":"Rezaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mavra A","family":"Riaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jefferson Antonio Buendia","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Aly M A","family":"Saad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Basema","family":"Saddik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Saeid","family":"Sadeghian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mohammad Reza","family":"Saeb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Umar","family":"Saeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Maitreyi","family":"Sahu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Morteza","family":"Saki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Payman","family":"Salamati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hedayat","family":"Salari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sana","family":"Salehi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Abdallah M","family":"Samy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Sanabria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Sanmarchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Vasco","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Milena M","family":"Santric-Milicevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Bruno Piassi","family":"Sao Jose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yaser","family":"Sarikhani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Brijesh","family":"Sathian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Maheswar","family":"Satpathy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Miloje","family":"Savic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yaser","family":"Sayadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Falk","family":"Schwendicke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Subramanian","family":"Senthilkumaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sadaf G","family":"Sepanlou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Edson","family":"Serv\u00e1n-Mori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Naomi","family":"Setshegetso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Allen","family":"Seylani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Saeed","family":"Shahabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Masood Ali","family":"Shaikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Murad Ziyaudinovich","family":"Shakhmardanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mohd","family":"Shanawaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mequannent Melaku Sharew","family":"Sharew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nigussie Tadesse","family":"Sharew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rajesh","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Shayan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Aziz","family":"Sheikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Suchitra M","family":"Shenoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Adithi","family":"Shetty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Pavanchand H","family":"Shetty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"K M","family":"Shivakumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lu\u00eds Manuel Lopes Rodrigues","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Wudneh","family":"Simegn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jasvinder A","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kuldeep","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Natia","family":"Skhvitaridze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Valentin Yurievich","family":"Skryabin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Anna Aleksandrovna","family":"Skryabina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Bogdan","family":"Socea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yonatan","family":"Solomon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Suhang","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Simona C\u0103t\u0103lina","family":"\u0218tefan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Suleman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rafael","family":"Tabar\u00e9s-Seisdedos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nathan Y","family":"Tat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Vivian Y","family":"Tat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Belay Negash","family":"Tefera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ales","family":"Tichopad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ruoyan","family":"Tobe-Gai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Marcos Roberto","family":"Tovani-Palone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lorainne","family":"Tudor Car","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Derara Girma","family":"Tufa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Tommi Juhani","family":"Vasankari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Milena","family":"Vasic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Dominique","family":"Vervoort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Vasily","family":"Vlassov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Bay","family":"Vo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Linh Gia","family":"Vu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yasir","family":"Waheed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Richard G","family":"Wamai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Cong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Gizachew Tadesse","family":"Wassie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nuwan Darshana","family":"Wickramasinghe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sanni","family":"Yaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Arzu","family":"Yigit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Vahit","family":"Yi\u011fit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Naohiro","family":"Yonemoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mustafa Z","family":"Younis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Chuanhua","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ismaeel","family":"Yunusa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Leila","family":"Zaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Burhan Abdullah","family":"Zaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Alireza","family":"Zangeneh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Zare Dehnavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mikhail Sergeevich","family":"Zastrozhin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Wu","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Zhi-Jiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Liesl J","family":"Zuhlke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yves Miel H","family":"Zuniga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Simon I","family":"Hay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Christopher J L","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Joseph L","family":"Dieleman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(23)00007-4_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02796-3","article-title":"Estimating excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic analysis of COVID-19-related mortality, 2020\u201321","volume":"399","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(23)00007-4_bib4","author":"Filippini"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(23)00007-4_bib6","author":"Dudine"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(23)00007-4_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00172-6","article-title":"Pandemic preparedness and COVID-19: an exploratory analysis of infection and fatality rates, and contextual factors associated with preparedness in 177 countries, from Jan 1, 2020, to Sept 30, 2021","volume":"399","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(23)00007-4_bib9","author":"Clark"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(23)00007-4_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01258-7","article-title":"Tracking development assistance for health and for COVID-19: a review of development assistance, government, out-of-pocket, and other private spending on health for 204 countries and territories, 1990\u20132050","volume":"398","author":"Micah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(23)00007-4_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2233","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)30841-4","article-title":"Past, present, and future of global health financing: a review of development assistance, government, out-of-pocket, and other private spending on health for 195 countries, 1995\u20132050","volume":"393","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(23)00007-4_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30608-5","article-title":"Health sector spending and spending on HIV\/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria, and development assistance for health: progress towards Sustainable Development Goal 3","volume":"396","author":"Micah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(23)00007-4_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2536","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30168-4","article-title":"Development assistance for health: past trends, associations, and the future of international financial flows for health","volume":"387","author":"Dieleman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(23)00007-4_bib24","author":"Lal"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(23)00007-4_bib26","series-title":"Data science: concepts and practice","first-page":"395","article-title":"Times series forecasting","author":"Kotu","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(23)00007-4_bib27","series-title":"Time series analysis: forecasting and control","author":"Box","year":"1970"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(23)00007-4_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e742","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30203-6","article-title":"Financing of international collective action for epidemic and pandemic preparedness","volume":"5","author":"Yamey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(23)00007-4_bib30","author":"Glassman"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(23)00007-4_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1080\/23288604.2019.1663646","article-title":"International funding for global common goods for health: an analysis using the creditor reporting system and G-FINDER databases","volume":"5","author":"Sch\u00e4ferhoff","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health Syst Reform"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(23)00007-4_bib32","series-title":"The inclusive cost of pandemic influenza risk","author":"Fan","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(23)00007-4_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthpol.2008.03.003","article-title":"The economic impact of SARS: how does the reality match the predictions?","volume":"88","author":"Keogh-Brown","year":"2008","journal-title":"Health Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(23)00007-4_bib34","author":"Lee"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(23)00007-4_bib35","author":"Gripas"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(23)00007-4_bib38","author":"Craven"}],"container-title":["The Lancet Global Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2214109X23000074?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2214109X23000074?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T10:52:36Z","timestamp":1761994356000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2214109X23000074"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S2214109X23000074"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s2214-109x(23)00007-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2214-109X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2214-109X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Global investments in pandemic preparedness and COVID-19: development assistance and domestic spending on health between 1990 and 2026","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The Lancet Global Health","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2214-109X(23)00007-4","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2214-109X(23)00017-7","name":"associatedlink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to the associated document"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}