{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T12:43:48Z","timestamp":1777293828043,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738368000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738368000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,5]],"date-time":"2024-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010417","name":"University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010417","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006149","name":"Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006149","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000664","name":"Health Technology Assessment Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["15\/188\/42"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15\/188\/42"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000664","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000289","name":"Cancer Research UK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000289","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014609","name":"Public Health Wales","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014609","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008241","name":"Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008241","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012068","name":"Health and Care Research Wales","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012068","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015533","name":"University Hospitals Plymouth NHS Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015533","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012141","name":"University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["thelancet.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/s2352-4642(24)00306-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]],"date-time":"2025-01-09T00:12:46Z","timestamp":1736381566000},"page":"121-130","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Procalcitonin-guided duration of antibiotic treatment in children hospitalised with confirmed or suspected bacterial infection in the UK (BATCH): a pragmatic, multicentre, open-label, two-arm, individually randomised, controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Cherry-Ann","family":"Waldron","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Philip","family":"Pallmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Schoenbuchner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Debbie","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lucy","family":"Brookes-Howell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"C\u00e9u","family":"Mateus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jolanta","family":"Bernatoniene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Katrina","family":"Cathie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Saul N","family":"Faust","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lucy","family":"Hinds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kerenza","family":"Hood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Kotecha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Helen M","family":"Nabwera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sanjay","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"St\u00e9phane C","family":"Paulus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Colin V E","family":"Powell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jenny","family":"Preston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Huasheng","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Thomas-Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Enitan D","family":"Carrol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Enitan D","family":"Carrol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rachael","family":"Hawkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Thomas-Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Cherry-Ann","family":"Waldron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Kotecha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Waku","family":"Maboshe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Debbie","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Goddard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Philip","family":"Pallmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Schoenbuchner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lucy","family":"Brookes-Howell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Josie","family":"Henley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Milosevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hayley","family":"Prout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kim","family":"Smallman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sue","family":"Channon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sam","family":"Clarkstone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Judith","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kerry","family":"Hood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Colin VE","family":"Powell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"C\u00e9u","family":"Mateus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Huasheng","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Saul N","family":"Faust","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Nabwera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Dee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Duncan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rachael","family":"Hawkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Joanne","family":"Johnston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Lambert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Phoebe","family":"Mususka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Siner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jenny","family":"Whitbread","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jolanta","family":"Bernatoniene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Alvin","family":"Schadenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Tracey","family":"Bingham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Boal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Carter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Evangeline","family":"Clayton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Coy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mia","family":"Critchley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Dymond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Anu","family":"Goenka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Zoe","family":"Jordan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Hamdollah-Zadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"David","family":"Hopgood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Laskey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Melanie","family":"Marsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Marion","family":"Roderick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Elyna","family":"Seymour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Stefania","family":"Vergnano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Katrina","family":"Cathie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Saul N","family":"Faust","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sanjay","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Owens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Leonora","family":"Beed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Bingham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Donna","family":"Bowens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Burke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Cadnam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Amber","family":"Cook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Cornish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Cutler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ruth","family":"Ensom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nichola","family":"Etherington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Aimee","family":"Griffiths","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Hardy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jane","family":"Johnston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Mayes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jenni","family":"McCorkell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Mcgailey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"McKay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Christie","family":"Mellish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Alastair","family":"Munro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Caitlin","family":"Oxford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jenny","family":"Pond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Postlewaite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Gabrielle","family":"Price","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Genevieve","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sally","family":"Salter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Sparks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Philippa","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Emy","family":"Van Der Harg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nina","family":"Vanner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"St\u00e9phane","family":"Paulus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Douglas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Harmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Hopton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Danielle","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Zoe","family":"Oliver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Imogen","family":"Stamford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Clare","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lucy","family":"Hinds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"John","family":"Beachill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Carolyn","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Stuart","family":"Gormley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Harrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kim","family":"Redfern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Janet","family":"Shackleton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Muller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Louise","family":"Yendle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Dallow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Susie","family":"Holt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Murthy","family":"Saladi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Burchett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"De Beger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Maggie","family":"Nyirenda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Capozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Melanie","family":"Ekani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Gardiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Paddy","family":"McMaster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Newport","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Grainne","family":"O'Connor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jenny","family":"Philbin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Chloe","family":"Rishton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Zainab","family":"Sarwar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Chloe","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Anita","family":"Solanki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Prakash","family":"Kamath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Newport","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Grainne","family":"O'Connor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Beena","family":"Padmakumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jenny","family":"Philbin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Chloe","family":"Rishton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Zainab","family":"Sarwar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Chloe","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"John-Paul","family":"Williamson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Birch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Czekaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Gribbin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Collinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Black","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Barker-Kirby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ruth","family":"Bowen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kim","family":"Lindsey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kate","family":"McGraw Allen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jo","family":"Webber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sian","family":"Ludman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Chamberlain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Heather","family":"Palfrey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Megan","family":"Purchall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Suzanne","family":"Wilkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Stacy","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ifeanyichukwu","family":"Okike","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Melanie","family":"Hayman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Miketa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Gisela","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Coral","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Unsworth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mark P","family":"Tighe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Oana","family":"Langston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sue","family":"Power","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Roff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Erika","family":"Rojas-Jimenz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(24)00306-7_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02724-0","article-title":"Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis","volume":"399","author":"Murray","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(24)00306-7_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30605-4","article-title":"Attributable deaths and disability-adjusted life-years caused by infections with antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the EU and the European Economic Area in 2015: a population-level modelling analysis","volume":"19","author":"Cassini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(24)00306-7_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e893","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(21)00280-1","article-title":"Global antibiotic consumption and usage in humans, 2000\u201318: a spatial modelling study","volume":"5","author":"Browne","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(24)00306-7_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e199","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00726-5","article-title":"Multinational consensus antimicrobial stewardship recommendations for children managed in hospital settings","volume":"23","author":"McMullan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(24)00306-7_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciad615","article-title":"Raising aware-ness of antimicrobial stewardship challenges in pediatric emergency care: results from the PERFORM study assessing consistency and appropriateness of antibiotic prescribing across Europe","volume":"78","author":"Kolberg","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(24)00306-7_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-8579(02)00047-X","article-title":"Procalcitonin as a marker of sepsis","volume":"20","author":"Carrol","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(24)00306-7_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0246027","article-title":"Procalcitonin, C-reactive protein, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, resistin and the APTT waveform for the early diagnosis of serious bacterial infection and prediction of outcome in critically ill children","volume":"16","author":"Nielsen","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(24)00306-7_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2016.04.007","article-title":"Early procalcitonin kinetics and appropriateness of empirical antimicrobial therapy in critically ill patients: a prospective observational study","volume":"34","author":"Tr\u00e1sy","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(24)00306-7_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-047490","article-title":"Biomarker-guided duration of antibiotic treatment in children hospitalised with confirmed or suspected bacterial infection (BATCH): protocol for a randomised controlled trial","volume":"12","author":"Waldron","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(24)00306-7_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-022-06956-9","article-title":"Biomarker-guided duration of antibiotic treatment in children hospitalised with confirmed or suspected bacterial infection: statistical analysis plan for the BATCH trial and PRECISE sub-study","volume":"24","author":"Schoenbuchner","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(24)00306-7_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0028096","article-title":"Development and inter-rater reliability of the Liverpool adverse drug reaction causality assessment tool","volume":"6","author":"Gallagher","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(24)00306-7_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003208","article-title":"Variation in antibiotic prescription rates in febrile children presenting to emergency departments across Europe (MOFICHE): a multicentre observational study","volume":"17","author":"Hagedoorn","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(24)00306-7_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2016-310494","article-title":"Predictors of fever-related admissions to a paediatric assessment unit, ward and reattendances in a South London emergency department: the CABIN 2 study","volume":"102","author":"Bustinduy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(24)00306-7_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0000000000001826","article-title":"Procalcitonin and other common biomarkers do not reliably identify patients at risk for bacterial infection after congenital heart surgery","volume":"20","author":"D'Souza","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(24)00306-7_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"v","DOI":"10.3310\/hta19960","article-title":"Procalcitonin testing to guide antibiotic therapy for the treatment of sepsis in intensive care settings and for suspected bacterial infection in emergency department settings: a systematic review and cost-effectiveness analysis","volume":"19","author":"Westwood","year":"2015","journal-title":"Health Technol Assess"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(24)00306-7_bib20","series-title":"PICANet annual report 2015\u20132017","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(24)00306-7_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)00053-0","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of procalcitonin guidance in reducing the duration of antibiotic treatment in critically ill patients: a randomised, controlled, open-label trial","volume":"16","author":"de Jong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(24)00306-7_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-044480","article-title":"Testing for non-inferior mortality: a systematic review of non-inferiority margin sizes and trial characteristics","volume":"11","author":"Pong","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(24)00306-7_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-2853","article-title":"Predicting risk of serious bacterial infections in febrile children in the emergency department","volume":"140","author":"Irwin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(24)00306-7_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.2604","article-title":"Challenge of multiple co-primary endpoints: a new approach","volume":"26","author":"Chuang-Stein","year":"2007","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(24)00306-7_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X1301300304","article-title":"Computing adjusted risk ratios and risk differences in Stata","volume":"13","author":"Norton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stata J"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(24)00306-7_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-020-4070-4","article-title":"Handling an uncertain control group event risk in non-inferiority trials: non-inferiority frontiers and the power-stabilising transformation","volume":"21","author":"Quartagno","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(24)00306-7_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1007\/s40273-014-0193-3","article-title":"A guide to handling missing data in cost-effectiveness analysis conducted within randomised controlled trials","volume":"32","author":"Faria","year":"2014","journal-title":"PharmacoEconomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(24)00306-7_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31444-7","article-title":"Procalcitonin-guided decision making for duration of antibiotic therapy in neonates with suspected early-onset sepsis: a multicentre, randomised controlled trial (NeoPIns)","volume":"390","author":"Stocker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(24)00306-7_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61879-1","article-title":"Use of procalcitonin to reduce patients' exposure to antibiotics in intensive care units (PRORATA trial): a multicentre randomised controlled trial","volume":"375","author":"Bouadma","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(24)00306-7_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0220686","article-title":"Procalcitonin to stop antibiotics after cardiovascular surgery in a pediatric intensive care unit\u2014the PROSACAB study","volume":"14","author":"Bobillo-Perez","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(24)00306-7_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e383","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa876","article-title":"C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, and white blood count to rule out neonatal early-onset sepsis within 36 hours: a secondary analysis of the Neonatal Procalcitonin Intervention Study","volume":"73","author":"Stocker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(24)00306-7_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e164","DOI":"10.3399\/BJGP.2022.0298","article-title":"Implementing antibiotic stewardship in high-prescribing English general practices: a mixed-methods study","volume":"73","author":"Tonkin-Crine","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br J Gen Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(24)00306-7_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/s13012-016-0436-0","article-title":"Discrepancies between qualitative and quantitative evaluation of randomised controlled trial results: achieving clarity through mixed methods triangulation","volume":"11","author":"Tonkin-Crine","year":"2016","journal-title":"Implement Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(24)00306-7_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1080\/23744235.2022.2037701","article-title":"Antibiotics duration guided by biomarkers in hospitalized adult patients; a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"54","author":"Elnajdy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect Dis (Lond)"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(24)00306-7_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004013","article-title":"Implications of reducing antibiotic treatment duration for antimicrobial resistance in hospital settings: a modelling study and meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"Mo","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(24)00306-7_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-023-04677-2","article-title":"Procalcitonin-guided antibiotic therapy may shorten length of treatment and may improve survival\u2014a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"Papp","year":"2023","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(24)00306-7_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2020.05.030","article-title":"Paediatric antimicrobial stewardship programmes in the UK's regional children's hospitals","volume":"105","author":"Vergnano","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(24)00306-7_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0b013e3182408812","article-title":"Effectiveness-implementation hybrid designs: combining elements of clinical effectiveness and implementation research to enhance public health impact","volume":"50","author":"Curran","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(24)00306-7_bib40","article-title":"Non-adherence in non-inferiority trials: pitfalls and recommendations","volume":"370","author":"Mo","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(24)00306-7_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-063424","article-title":"PROcalcitonin and NEWS2 evaluation for timely identification of sepsis and optimal use of antibiotics in the emergency department (PRONTO): protocol for a multicentre, open-label, randomised controlled trial","volume":"12","author":"Euden","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(24)00306-7_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1177\/17511437231169193","article-title":"Biomarker-guided duration of antibiotic treatment in hospitalised patients with suspected sepsis (ADAPT-Sepsis): a protocol for a multicentre randomised controlled trial","volume":"24","author":"Dark","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Intensive Care Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(24)00306-7_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-023-09559-5","article-title":"A qualitative interview study applying the COM-B model to explore how hospital-based trainers implement antimicrobial stewardship education and training in UK hospital-based care","volume":"23","author":"Turner","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"}],"container-title":["The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2352464224003067?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2352464224003067?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T16:23:04Z","timestamp":1762618984000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2352464224003067"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S2352464224003067"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s2352-4642(24)00306-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2352-4642"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2352-4642","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Procalcitonin-guided duration of antibiotic treatment in children hospitalised with confirmed or suspected bacterial infection in the UK (BATCH): a pragmatic, multicentre, open-label, two-arm, individually randomised, controlled trial","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2352-4642(24)00306-7","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}