{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T03:46:59Z","timestamp":1776311219965,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]],"date-time":"2020-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590969600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]],"date-time":"2020-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590969600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,2]],"date-time":"2020-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585785600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001322","name":"South African Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011094","name":"Public Health Agency of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011094","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000038","name":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000038","name":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["thelancet.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Lancet Gastroenterology &amp; Hepatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/s2468-1253(20)30007-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]],"date-time":"2020-04-01T18:35:07Z","timestamp":1585766107000},"page":"582-597","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":368,"title":["The global, regional, and national burden of oesophageal cancer and its attributable risk factors in 195 countries and territories, 1990\u20132017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Farin","family":"Kamangar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Dariush","family":"Nasrollahzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Saeid","family":"Safiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sadaf G","family":"Sepanlou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Fitzmaurice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kevin S","family":"Ikuta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Bisignano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Farhad","family":"Islami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Gholamreza","family":"Roshandel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Stephen S","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hassan","family":"Abolhassani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Eman","family":"Abu-Gharbieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rufus Adesoji","family":"Adedoyin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Shailesh M","family":"Advani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Muktar Beshir","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Miloud Taki Eddine","family":"Aichour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Tomi","family":"Akinyemiju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Chisom Joyqueenet","family":"Akunna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Fares","family":"Alahdab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Vahid","family":"Alipour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Amir","family":"Almasi-Hashiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Abdulaziz M","family":"Almulhim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nahla Hamed","family":"Anber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Alireza","family":"Ansari-Moghaddam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jalal","family":"Arabloo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Morteza","family":"Arab-Zozani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Atalel Fentahun","family":"Awedew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Alaa","family":"Badawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kathleen S Sachiko","family":"Berfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kidanemaryam","family":"Berhe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Krittika","family":"Bhattacharyya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Biondi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Tone","family":"Bj\u00f8rge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Antonio Maria","family":"Borz\u00ec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Bosetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Carreras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Felix","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Clara","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Dinh-Toi","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Vera Marisa","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Baye","family":"Dagnew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jiregna","family":"Darega Gela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ahmad","family":"Daryani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Feleke Mekonnen","family":"Demeke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Gebre Teklemariam","family":"Demoz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mostafa","family":"Dianatinasab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Iffat","family":"Elbarazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mohammad Hassan","family":"Emamian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Arash","family":"Etemadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Pawan Sirwan","family":"Faris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Eduarda","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Irina","family":"Filip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Florian","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mohamed M","family":"Gad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Silvano","family":"Gallus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Abadi Kahsu","family":"Gebre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Tsegaye Tewelde","family":"Gebrehiwot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Gebreamlak Gebremedhn","family":"Gebremeskel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Begashaw Melaku","family":"Gebresillassie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Ghasemi-kebria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ahmad","family":"Ghashghaee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nermin","family":"Ghith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mahaveer","family":"Golechha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Gorini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rahul","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nima","family":"Hafezi-Nejad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Arvin","family":"Haj-Mirzaian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"James D.","family":"Harvey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Hashemian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hamid Yimam","family":"Hassen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Simon I","family":"Hay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Andualem","family":"Henok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Chi Linh","family":"Hoang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"H Dean","family":"Hosgood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mowafa","family":"Househ","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Olayinka Stephen","family":"Ilesanmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Milena D.","family":"Ilic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Seyed Sina Naghibi","family":"Irvani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Charvi","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Spencer L","family":"James","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sun Ha","family":"Jee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ravi Prakash","family":"Jha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Farahnaz","family":"Joukar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Kabir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Amir","family":"Kasaeian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mesfin Wudu","family":"Kassaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Supreet","family":"Kaur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Andre Pascal","family":"Kengne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Esma","family":"Kerboua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yousef Saleh","family":"Khader","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rovshan","family":"Khalilov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ejaz Ahmad","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Abdullah T","family":"Khoja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jonathan M","family":"Kocarnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hamidreza","family":"Komaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Vivek","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"La Vecchia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Savita","family":"Lasrado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Bingyu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Alan D","family":"Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Azeem","family":"Majeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Navid","family":"Manafi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ana Laura","family":"Manda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Fariborz","family":"Mansour-Ghanaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Manu Raj","family":"Mathur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Varshil","family":"Mehta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Dhruv","family":"Mehta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Walter","family":"Mendoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Prasanna","family":"Mithra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Karzan Abdulmuhsin","family":"Mohammad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Abdollah","family":"Mohammadian-Hafshejani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Reza","family":"Mohammadpourhodki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jemal Abdu","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Farnam","family":"Mohebi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ali H","family":"Mokdad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Monasta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Delaram","family":"Moosavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mahmood","family":"Moosazadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ghobad","family":"Moradi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Farhad","family":"Moradpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rahmatollah","family":"Moradzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Gurudatta","family":"Naik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ionut","family":"Negoi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Haruna Asura","family":"Nggada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Huong Lan Thi","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rajan","family":"Nikbakhsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Molly R","family":"Nixon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Andrew T","family":"Olagunju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Tinuke O","family":"Olagunju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jagadish Rao.","family":"Padubidri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Keyvan","family":"Pakshir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Shanti","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mona","family":"Pathak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hai Quang","family":"Pham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Akram","family":"Pourshams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Navid","family":"Rabiee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Rabiee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Amir","family":"Radfar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Alireza","family":"Rafiei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kiana","family":"Ramezanzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Goura Kishor","family":"Rath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Priya","family":"Rathi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Salman","family":"Rawaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"David Laith","family":"Rawaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nima","family":"Rezaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Elias Merdassa","family":"Roro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Anas M","family":"Saad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hamideh","family":"Salimzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Abdallah M","family":"Samy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Benn","family":"Sartorius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Arash","family":"Sarveazad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Sekerija","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Sha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Morteza","family":"Shamsizadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Sheikhbahaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Reza","family":"Shirkoohi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sudeep K","family":"Siddappa Malleshappa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jasvinder A","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Dhirendra Narain","family":"Sinha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Catalin-Gabriel","family":"Smarandache","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sergey","family":"Soshnikov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hafiz Ansar Rasul","family":"Suleria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Degena Bahrey","family":"Tadesse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Berhe Etsay","family":"Tesfay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Bhaskar","family":"Thakur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Eugenio","family":"Traini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Khanh Bao","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Bach Xuan","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Irfan","family":"Ullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Vacante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yousef","family":"Veisani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Isidora S","family":"Vujcic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Girmay Teklay","family":"Weldesamuel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rixing","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Vahid","family":"Yazdi-Feyzabadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Deniz","family":"Yuce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Vesna","family":"Zadnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Zoubida","family":"Zaidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Zhi-Jiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Reza","family":"Malekzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mohsen","family":"Naghavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30007-8_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2016.5688","article-title":"Global, regional, and national cancer incidence, mortality, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-adjusted life-years for 32 cancer groups, 1990 to 2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study","volume":"3","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30007-8_bib2","first-page":"394","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"68","author":"Bray","year":"2018","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30007-8_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2019.2996","article-title":"Global, regional, and national cancer incidence, mortality, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-adjusted life-years for 29 cancer groups, 1990 to 2017: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study","volume":"5","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30007-8_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6605246","article-title":"Oesophageal cancer incidence in the United States by race, sex, and histologic type, 1977\u20132005","volume":"101","author":"Cook","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30007-8_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2049","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(19981115)83:10<2049::AID-CNCR1>3.0.CO;2-2","article-title":"Changing patterns in the incidence of esophageal and gastric carcinoma in the United States","volume":"83","author":"Devesa","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30007-8_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1097\/CEJ.0000000000000249","article-title":"Worldwide incidence, mortality and time trends for cancer of the oesophagus","volume":"26","author":"Gupta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer Prev"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30007-8_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2014-308124","article-title":"Global incidence of oesophageal cancer by histological subtype in 2012","volume":"64","author":"Arnold","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30007-8_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2017.155","article-title":"Predicting the future burden of esophageal cancer by histological subtype: international trends in incidence up to 2030","volume":"112","author":"Arnold","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30007-8_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32203-7","article-title":"Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980\u20132017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"392","author":"Roth","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30007-8_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32279-7","article-title":"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990\u20132017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"392","author":"James","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30007-8_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32335-3","article-title":"Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 359 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990\u20132017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"392","author":"Kyu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30007-8_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32225-6","volume":"392","author":"Stanaway","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30007-8_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1995","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32278-5","article-title":"Population and fertility by age and sex for 195 countries and territories, 1950\u20132017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"392","author":"Murray","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30007-8_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1958","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)30041-8","article-title":"Health effects of dietary risks in 195 countries, 1990\u20132017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"393","author":"Afshin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30007-8_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1478-7954-10-1","article-title":"Modeling causes of death: an integrated approach using CODEm","volume":"10","author":"Foreman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Popul Health Metr"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30007-8_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2013.791","article-title":"Comparison of cancer diagnostic intervals before and after implementation of NICE guidelines: analysis of data from the UK General Practice Research Database","volume":"110","author":"Neal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30007-8_bib17","series-title":"SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975\u20132015","author":"Noone","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30007-8_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2236","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30994-2","article-title":"Measuring performance on the Healthcare Access and Quality Index for 195 countries and territories and selected subnational locations: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016","volume":"391","author":"Fullman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30007-8_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1126\/science.175.4024.846","article-title":"Esophageal cancer in the Caspian littoral of Iran: initial studies","volume":"175","author":"Kmet","year":"1972","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30007-8_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.33.1.11","article-title":"High incidence of oesophageal and gastric cancer in Kashmir in a population with special personal and dietary habits","volume":"33","author":"Khuroo","year":"1992","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30007-8_bib21","first-page":"70","article-title":"Esophageal cancer in Northeastern Iran: a review","volume":"10","author":"Kamangar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Iran Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30007-8_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2009.01.004","article-title":"Environmental causes of esophageal cancer","volume":"38","author":"Kamangar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30007-8_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6601737","article-title":"Epidemiologic features of upper gastrointestinal tract cancers in Northeastern Iran","volume":"90","author":"Islami","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30007-8_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1111\/1759-7714.13058","article-title":"What have we learned from Linxian esophageal cancer etiological studies?","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Thorac Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30007-8_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.20616","article-title":"Prospective study of risk factors for esophageal and gastric cancers in the Linxian general population trial cohort in China","volume":"113","author":"Tran","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30007-8_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1857","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6604369","article-title":"Opium, tobacco, and alcohol use in relation to oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma in a high-risk area of Iran","volume":"98","author":"Nasrollahzadeh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30007-8_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.12.024","article-title":"Individual and combined effects of environmental risk factors for esophageal cancer based on results from the Golestan Cohort Study","volume":"156","author":"Sheikh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30007-8_bib28","article-title":"A prospective study of tea drinking temperature and risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma","author":"Islami","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30007-8_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2010.210609","article-title":"Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure in oesophageal tissue and risk of oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma in north-eastern Iran","volume":"59","author":"Abedi-Ardekani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30007-8_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyp195","article-title":"Socio-economic status and oesophageal cancer: results from a population-based case-control study in a high-risk area","volume":"38","author":"Islami","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30007-8_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2013.437","article-title":"Poor oral hygiene and risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in Kashmir","volume":"109","author":"Dar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30007-8_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.7326\/M17-2000","article-title":"Hot tea consumption and its interactions with alcohol and tobacco use on the risk for esophageal cancer: a population-based cohort study","volume":"168","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30007-8_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2009.01.094","article-title":"Fluoride in drinking water, brick tea infusion and human urine in two counties in Inner Mongolia, China","volume":"167","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30007-8_bib34","article-title":"Dental fluorosis and oral health in the African Esophageal Cancer Corridor: Findings from the Kenya ESCCAPE case-control study and a pan-African perspective","author":"Menya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30007-8_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2016.02.001","article-title":"Tobacco and alcohol as risk factors for oesophageal cancer in a high incidence area in South Africa","volume":"41","author":"Sewram","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30007-8_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.31804","article-title":"Traditional and commercial alcohols and esophageal cancer risk in Kenya","volume":"144","author":"Menya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30007-8_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.4314\/mmj.v29i2.25","article-title":"Exposure to biomass smoke as a risk factor for oesophageal and gastric cancer in low-income populations: a systematic review","volume":"29","author":"Kayamba","year":"2017","journal-title":"Malawi Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30007-8_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.4314\/mmj.v27i3.3","article-title":"Environmental risk factors for oesophageal cancer in Malawi: A case-control study","volume":"27","author":"Mlombe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Malawi Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30007-8_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1973.138","article-title":"Oesophageal cancer studies in the Caspian Littoral of Iran: the Caspian cancer registry","volume":"28","author":"Mahboubi","year":"1973","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30007-8_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0215(19990315)80:6<827::AID-IJC6>3.0.CO;2-P","article-title":"Estimates of the worldwide incidence of 25 major cancers in 1990","volume":"80","author":"Parkin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30007-8_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-6-139","article-title":"Higher urine 1-hydroxy pyrene glucuronide (1-OHPG) is associated with tobacco smoke exposure and drinking mat\u00e9 in healthy subjects from Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil","volume":"6","author":"Fagundes","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30007-8_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2010.233866","article-title":"Alcohol intake and risk of oesophageal adenocarcinoma: a pooled analysis from the BEACON Consortium","volume":"60","author":"Freedman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30007-8_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2012.03.001","article-title":"The importance of exposure rate on odds ratios by cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption for esophageal adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma in the Barrett's Esophagus and Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Consortium","volume":"36","author":"Lubin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30007-8_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1706","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dys176","article-title":"Body mass index in relation to oesophageal and oesophagogastric junction adenocarcinomas: a pooled analysis from the International BEACON Consortium","volume":"41","author":"Hoyo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30007-8_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0103508","article-title":"Gastroesophageal reflux in relation to adenocarcinomas of the esophagus: a pooled analysis from the Barrett's and Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Consortium (BEACON)","volume":"9","author":"Cook","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30007-8_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.12210","article-title":"Socioeconomic status and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma risk in Kashmir, India","volume":"104","author":"Dar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30007-8_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1995.408","article-title":"Risk factors associated with oesophageal cancer in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe","volume":"72","author":"Vizcaino","year":"1995","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30007-8_bib48","first-page":"194","article-title":"Esophageal cancer incidence trends in northeastern Iran: comparing rates over 36 years","volume":"15","author":"Khademi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Iran Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30007-8_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1111\/den.13353","article-title":"Role of photodynamic therapy in the treatment of esophageal cancer","volume":"31","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dig Endosc"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30007-8_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.07.041","article-title":"Endoscopic management of early adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus: screening, diagnosis, and therapy","volume":"154","author":"di Pietro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30007-8_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1951","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2014.58.0423","article-title":"Long-term follow-up of a community assignment, one-time endoscopic screening study of esophageal cancer in China","volume":"33","author":"Wei","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30007-8_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2493","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v18.i20.2493","article-title":"Cost-benefit analysis of esophageal cancer endoscopic screening in high-risk areas of China","volume":"18","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30007-8_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1159\/000325430","article-title":"Cytologic detection of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and its precursor lesions using balloon samplers and liquid-based cytology in asymptomatic adults in Llinxian, China","volume":"52","author":"Pan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Cytol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30007-8_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soc.2009.03.007","article-title":"Improving screening practices for Barrett's esophagus","volume":"18","author":"Shaheen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Surg Oncol Clin N Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30007-8_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e533","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000000533","article-title":"Gastric cancer screening uptake trends in Korea: results for the National Cancer Screening Program from 2002 to 2011: a prospective cross-sectional study","volume":"94","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30007-8_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0145097","article-title":"Massive endoscopic screening for esophageal and gastric cancers in a high-risk area of China","volume":"10","author":"Zheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30007-8_bib57","first-page":"232","article-title":"Recent developments in esophageal adenocarcinoma","volume":"63","author":"Lagergren","year":"2013","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30007-8_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-12-1347","article-title":"Squamous dysplasia--the precursor lesion for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"22","author":"Taylor","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30007-8_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2015.02.007","article-title":"Diet and upper gastrointestinal malignancies","volume":"148","author":"Abnet","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"}],"container-title":["The Lancet Gastroenterology &amp; Hepatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2468125320300078?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2468125320300078?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T04:59:58Z","timestamp":1762837198000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2468125320300078"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S2468125320300078"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s2468-1253(20)30007-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["2468-1253"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2468-1253","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The global, regional, and national burden of oesophageal cancer and its attributable risk factors in 195 countries and territories, 1990\u20132017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30007-8","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30047-9","name":"associatedlink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to the associated document"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}