{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T02:42:59Z","timestamp":1775270579471,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Hindawi Limited","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,14]],"date-time":"2009-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1239667200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":12005,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genet. Res."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1976,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>Detailed physiological and genetic studies of haploid and diploid strains have revealed a complex phenotype for the<jats:italic>rec<\/jats:italic>-1 mutation in<jats:italic>Ustilago maydis<\/jats:italic>. The mutant is defective in the repair of damage by UV light, ionizing radiation and nitrosoguanidine. Four alleles are all recessive and have the same sensitivity to UV, suggesting the loss of a single cellular function. A significant fraction of non-viable cells is formed during growth, and in diploid strains considerable variation in colony size and morphology is seen. The spontaneous frequency of mutation is greater than in wild-type cells, but there is little, if any, enhancement by irradiation.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:italic>rec<\/jats:italic>-1 also has pleiotropic effects on genetic recombination. The spontaneous level of mitotic allelic or non-allelic recombination is abnormally high, but the relative increase after irradiation is much lower than in control diploids. Allelic recombination is strongly associated with the expression of a hetozygous recessive distal marker, and it is shown that this is often due to hemizygosity rather than to homozygosity of this marker. The results indicate that allelic recombination is due to crossing over rather than gene conversion, but that the cross over is often associated with a chromatid break.<jats:italic>rec<\/jats:italic>-1 interacts with other radiation sensitive mutants, such as<jats:italic>rec<\/jats:italic>-2. Diploids homozygous for both are totally deficient in allelic recombination. In crosses between<jats:italic>rec<\/jats:italic>-1 strains meiosis is defective, with a low viability of meiotic products and frequent production of aneuploids or diploids among the survivors. The overall phenotype of<jats:italic>rec<\/jats:italic>-1 strains can best be explained in terms of the loss of a regulatory function, which leads to uncontrolled recombination during mitosis and meiosis, and the loss of a recombination repair pathway which is normally induced by agents which damage DNA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0016672300016621","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,17]],"date-time":"2009-09-17T07:47:04Z","timestamp":1253173624000},"page":"413-453","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Genetic characterization of<i>rec<\/i>-1, a mutant of<i>Ustilago maydis<\/i>defective in repair and recombination"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"R.","family":"Holliday","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"R. E.","family":"Halliwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"M. W.","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"V.","family":"Rowell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"98","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0016672300016621_ref064","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ge.03.120169.002521"},{"key":"S0016672300016621_ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/48.12.1701","article-title":"The effect of ultraviolet light on recombination in yeast","volume":"48","author":"Wilkie","year":"1963","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"S0016672300016621_ref060","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2787(72)90117-7"},{"key":"S0016672300016621_ref057","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/282578"},{"key":"S0016672300016621_ref052","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/SQB.1956.021.01.015"},{"key":"S0016672300016621_ref053","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/SQB.1958.023.01.019"},{"key":"S0016672300016621_ref051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3573378"},{"key":"S0016672300016621_ref050","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3573379"},{"key":"S0016672300016621_ref049","volume-title":"Molecular Mechanisms for DNA Repair","author":"Resnick","year":"1975"},{"key":"S0016672300016621_ref048","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-2895-7_48"},{"key":"S0016672300016621_ref047","first-page":"128","volume-title":"Molecular and Environmental Aspects of Mutagenesis","author":"Radman","year":"1974"},{"key":"S0016672300016621_ref043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0027-5107(75)90231-6"},{"key":"S0016672300016621_ref042","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0027-5107(75)90230-4"},{"key":"S0016672300016621_ref041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.72.1.358"},{"key":"S0016672300016621_ref040","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S001667230000238X"},{"key":"S0016672300016621_ref038","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02986080"},{"key":"S0016672300016621_ref035","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0027-5107(70)90143-0"},{"key":"S0016672300016621_ref033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0027-5107(71)90040-6"},{"key":"S0016672300016621_ref032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bi.37.070168.001135"},{"key":"S0016672300016621_ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2993","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)41585-8","article-title":"A protein from Ustilago which forms an acid-soluble complex with deoxyribonucleic acid","volume":"250","author":"Holloman","year":"1975","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"S0016672300016621_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0027-5107(75)90029-9"},{"key":"S0016672300016621_ref026","first-page":"575","volume-title":"Handbook of Genetics","volume":"I","author":"Holliday","year":"1974"},{"key":"S0016672300016621_ref024","first-page":"157","volume-title":"Replication and Recombination of Genetic Material","author":"Holliday","year":"1968"},{"key":"S0016672300016621_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0027-5107(67)90022-X"},{"key":"S0016672300016621_ref046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00341677"},{"key":"S0016672300016621_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0016672300003979"},{"key":"S0016672300016621_ref058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0027-5107(75)90020-2"},{"key":"S0016672300016621_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0027-5107(65)90022-9"},{"key":"S0016672300016621_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/50.3.323","article-title":"The induction of mitotic recombination by mitomycin C in Ustilago and Saccharomyces","volume":"50","author":"Holliday","year":"1964","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"S0016672300016621_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0016672300001233"},{"key":"S0016672300016621_ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/68.1.21","article-title":"Mutants of yeast defective in mutation induced by ultraviolet light","volume":"68","author":"Lemontt","year":"1971","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"S0016672300016621_ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8114","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)43200-6","article-title":"Studies on a nuclease from Ustilago maydis. II. Substrate specificity and mode of action of the enzyme","volume":"248","author":"Holloman","year":"1973","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"S0016672300016621_ref065","first-page":"91","article-title":"UV mutagenesis in pol A and uvr A pol A derivatives of E. coli B\/r: evidence for an inducible error prone repair system","volume":"73","author":"Witkin","year":"1973","journal-title":"Genetics Supplement"},{"key":"S0016672300016621_ref028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-2133-0_22"},{"key":"S0016672300016621_ref017","first-page":"28","article-title":"Selection of auxotrophs by inositol starvation in Ustilago maydis","volume":"18","author":"Holliday","year":"1962","journal-title":"Microbial Genetics Bulletin"},{"key":"S0016672300016621_ref036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00425646"},{"key":"S0016672300016621_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2836(75)90360-5"},{"key":"S0016672300016621_ref054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00441192"},{"key":"S0016672300016621_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0016672300003323"},{"key":"S0016672300016621_ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/57.4.909","article-title":"A novel character induced in yeast by P32 decay: the ability to manifest high frequencies of abnormal meiotic segregations","volume":"57","author":"Moustacchi","year":"1967","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"S0016672300016621_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0016672300010181"},{"key":"S0016672300016621_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0016672300000720"},{"key":"S0016672300016621_ref059","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S001667230000149X"},{"key":"S0016672300016621_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.118.1.242-249.1974","article-title":"Analysis of the growth of recombination deficient strains of Escherichia coli K12","volume":"118","author":"Capaldo","year":"1974","journal-title":"Journal of Bacteriology"},{"key":"S0016672300016621_ref062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/1991034a0"},{"key":"S0016672300016621_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00268799"},{"key":"S0016672300016621_ref037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00275450"},{"key":"S0016672300016621_ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/50.3.435","article-title":"Mitotic recombination and heteroallelic repair in Saccharomyces cerevisiae","volume":"50","author":"Hurst","year":"1964","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"S0016672300016621_ref061","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00265147"},{"key":"S0016672300016621_ref045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00383483"},{"key":"S0016672300016621_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/2271313a0"},{"key":"S0016672300016621_ref025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/newbio232233a0"},{"key":"S0016672300016621_ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8107","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)43199-2","article-title":"Studies on a nuclease from Ustilago maydis. I. Purification, properties and implication in recombination of the enzyme","volume":"248","author":"Holloman","year":"1973","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"S0016672300016621_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/258054a0"},{"key":"S0016672300016621_ref056","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.72.5.1973"},{"key":"S0016672300016621_ref055","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00271244"},{"key":"S0016672300016621_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0016672300013720"},{"key":"S0016672300016621_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1974.tb03718.x"},{"key":"S0016672300016621_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1976.tb10107.x"},{"key":"S0016672300016621_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1976.tb10106.x"},{"key":"S0016672300016621_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ge.08.120174.001431"},{"key":"S0016672300016621_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0016672300000719"},{"key":"S0016672300016621_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/newbio231019a0"},{"key":"S0016672300016621_ref012","first-page":"265","article-title":"Another two genes controlling intragenic recombination and recovery from UV damage in Aspergillus nidulans. II. Recombination behaviour and X-ray sensitivity of uvsD and uvsE mutants","volume":"11","author":"Fortuin","year":"1971","journal-title":"Mutation Research"},{"key":"S0016672300016621_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0027-5107(73)90095-X"}],"container-title":["Genetical Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0016672300016621","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,10]],"date-time":"2021-10-10T22:50:04Z","timestamp":1633906204000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0016672300016621\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1976,6]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1976,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S0016672300016621"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0016672300016621","relation":{},"ISSN":["0016-6723","1469-5073"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0016-6723","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-5073","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1976,6]]}}}