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The number of haplotypes in East Africa was significantly higher than in the other two populations. The largest divergence, as measured by<jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>st<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub>, was between the East African population and a group made up from the West African, the European, and previously studied American populations. We suggest that a split first occurred within African populations at least 44000 years ago. European populations separated from West Africa more recently, between the last glacial maximum and the post-glacial optimum, 18000 to 8000 years ago. We suggest that this species was domesticated recently relative to human evolution, possibly with the advent of agriculture. Population differentiation with respect to the two allozymes,<jats:italic>fast<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>slow<\/jats:italic>, does not follow the geographical pattern of silent variation. It opposes European to both African populations, and probably results from selection for adaptation to alcohol in recent temperate populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0016672300033115","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,17]],"date-time":"2009-09-17T07:25:04Z","timestamp":1253172304000},"page":"95-103","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Comparative population structuring of molecular and allozyme variation of<i>Drosophila melanogaster Adh<\/i>between Europe, West Africa and East Africa"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"V\u00e9ronique","family":"B\u00e9nassi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Michel","family":"Veuille","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"98","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0016672300033115_ref051","first-page":"512","article-title":"Estimation of the number of nucleotide substitutions in the control region of mitochondrial DNA in humans and chimpanzees","volume":"10","author":"Tamura","year":"1993","journal-title":"Molecular Biology and Evolution"},{"key":"S0016672300033115_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/365548a0"},{"key":"S0016672300033115_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/134.4.1289","article-title":"The effect of deleterious mutations on neutral molecular variation","volume":"134","author":"Charlesworth","year":"1993","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"S0016672300033115_ref052","first-page":"502","article-title":"Discriminative biometrical characters in French and Japanese Drosophila melanogaster. 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