{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]],"date-time":"2024-03-13T11:40:21Z","timestamp":1710330021734},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"2-3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,15]],"date-time":"2009-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1242345600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":21168,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1951,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>1. The review of the laboratory evidence published since the introduction, ten years ago, of the alcohol-treated typhoid vaccine furnishes additional support for abandoning the old method of making typhoid vaccine. The alcohol-treated vaccine has advantages in regard to both the Vi-antibody response and the degree of systemic reactions produced.<\/jats:p><jats:p>2. The technique of the preparation of alcohol-killed and alcohol-preserved typhoid-paratyphoid vaccine has remained as originally described. The methods of selecting the vaccine strains and routinely examining the cultures have also remained unchanged.<\/jats:p><jats:p>3. The necessity of testing typhoid vaccines not only by active-immunity tests in mice but also for their antibody-stimulating properties is again stresssed. These tests consist of immunization of rabbits, estimation of their Vi- and O-agglutinin titres and passive-immunity tests in mice.<\/jats:p><jats:p>4. The most important sources of error in mouse-protection tests are:<\/jats:p><jats:p>(a) the use of a test culture of less than the maximum degree of mouse-virulence;<\/jats:p><jats:p>(b) the use of the mucin technique;<\/jats:p><jats:p>(c) immunization by intraperitoneal injections when the challenge dose also is given by this route.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Much of the experimental work on typhoid vaccine has been invalidated by these three pitfalls.<\/jats:p><jats:p>5. It is suggested that the mucin technique be abandoned in the assay of typhoid vaccine.<\/jats:p><jats:p>6. A source of error in the rabbit test is the presence of pre-formed Vi agglutinins. These are found in rabbits harbouring coliform organisms which possess the typhoid Vi antigen. Such rabbits do not respond to injections of typhoid Viantigen.<\/jats:p><jats:p>7. Standardization of the potency of typhoid vaccine has now become possible. Either an alcohol-preserved or a dried vaccine can serve as \u2018standard vaccine\u2019, to be used in combination with the \u2018Provisional Standard Anti-typhoid Serum\u2019. Both of these vaccines remain stable for a number of years.<\/jats:p><jats:p>8. Suggestions are briefly outlined for:<\/jats:p><jats:p>(a) the routine examination in the course of preparation of the vaccine;<\/jats:p><jats:p>(b) the official control of the potency of typhoid vaccine.<\/jats:p><jats:p>9.The paratyphoid components of T.A.B.C. vaccine can be standardized in an analogous manner.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0022172400044156","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,15]],"date-time":"2009-05-15T10:36:20Z","timestamp":1242383780000},"page":"268-287","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["The preparation, testing and standardization of typhoid vaccine"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"A.","family":"Felix","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0022172400044156_ref075","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.1883.256"},{"key":"S0022172400044156_ref074","first-page":"24","volume":"29","author":"Weil","year":"1920","journal-title":"Z. 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