{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T09:34:41Z","timestamp":1767864881231,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,17]],"date-time":"2009-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1237248000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":11732,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Quart. Rev. Biophys."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1977,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The ability of an organism to cope with foreign substances (antigens) depends in part on its capacity to synthesize antibodies (immunoglobulins) of the proper binding specificity to recognize and combine with these antigens. In view of the great variety of possible antigens, antibodies, or more specifically their combining sites, display considerable variation and possess structural properties such as to enable them to bind the antigenic determinants. A vast amount of immunoglobulin sequence data has become available and the three-dimensional structures of a number of immunoglobulin fragments have been elucidated. With these results we can now begin to understand the structural aspects of antibody\u2013antigen reactions. The crystallographic results and the sequence data have been reviewed elsewhere (Capra &amp; Kehoe, 1975; Davies, Padlan &amp; Segal 1975<jats:italic>a, b<\/jats:italic>; Gally, 1973; Kabat, 1976; Nisonoff, Hopper &amp; Spring, 1975; Poljak, 1975<jats:italic>a, b<\/jats:italic>). Here, an attempt is made to interpret these structural data in terms of the structural evolution of the antibody combining site and the structural basis for the specificity of the binding of antibody to antigen. First, the pertinent crystallographic and sequence data will be presented. Next, the structural studies which reveal the complementarity between antibody and ligand will be described. Then, structural mechanisms by which different combining site structures could be generated will be reviewed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033583500000135","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,17]],"date-time":"2009-03-17T16:07:45Z","timestamp":1237306065000},"page":"35-65","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":74,"title":["Structural basis for the specificity of antibody\u2013antigen reactions and structural mechanisms for the diversification of antigen-binding specificities"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Eduardo A.","family":"Padlan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0033583500000135_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00715a031"},{"key":"S0033583500000135_ref012","volume-title":"Atlas of Protein Sequence and Structure","author":"Dayhoff","year":"1972"},{"key":"S0033583500000135_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1974.tb03576.x"},{"key":"S0033583500000135_ref011","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine Symposium","author":"Davies","year":"1975"},{"key":"S0033583500000135_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-8930-3_5"},{"key":"S0033583500000135_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2836(76)80062-9"},{"key":"S0033583500000135_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.70.7.2112"},{"key":"S0033583500000135_ref033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-057550-3.50026-0"},{"key":"S0033583500000135_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00689a005"},{"key":"S0033583500000135_ref041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.70.12.3305"},{"key":"S0033583500000135_ref055","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00747a013"},{"key":"S0033583500000135_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00717a007"},{"key":"S0033583500000135_ref059","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.132.2.211"},{"key":"S0033583500000135_ref038","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.72.3.819"},{"key":"S0033583500000135_ref024","volume-title":"Structural Concepts in Immunology and Immunochemistry","author":"Kabat","year":"1976"},{"key":"S0033583500000135_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2776(08)60205-9"},{"key":"S0033583500000135_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/bchm2.1976.357.1.435"},{"key":"S0033583500000135_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.183.4128.962"},{"key":"S0033583500000135_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj1470235"},{"key":"S0033583500000135_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-635501-7.50009-5"},{"key":"S0033583500000135_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.71.3.845"},{"key":"S0033583500000135_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00539775"},{"key":"S0033583500000135_ref039","article-title":"Model building studies of antigen binding sites: The hapten binding site of MOPC 315","author":"Padlan","year":"1976","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol."},{"key":"S0033583500000135_ref042","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.71.9.3440"},{"key":"S0033583500000135_ref043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2776(08)60217-5"},{"key":"S0033583500000135_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.112.5.1747","article-title":"Clonal nature of the immune response to phosphorylcholine. II. Idiotypic specificity and binding characteristics of anti-phosphorylcholine antibodies","volume":"112","author":"Claflin","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. 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