{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T08:01:55Z","timestamp":1768982515802,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,17]],"date-time":"2009-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1237248000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":14381,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Quart. Rev. Biophys."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1969,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>As is well known, the memorable discovery of Galvani (1791) was followed by the development of two new fields of science, electrochemistry and electrophysiology. During the course of this development, the most remarkable feature of the original finding, i.e. \u2018contraction of muscle induced by a piece of metal\u2019, gradually came to be ignored. As a consequence, the simple question as to how electrical stimulation might induce muscle contraction was left unanswered until the middle of this century, when several physiologists became aware of the crucial nature of the problem and tried to attack it from various directions. This resulted in a marked progress of physiological and morphological studies which were intentionally or unintentionally concerned with the mechanism of the link between excitation, that is the electrical phenomenon at the surface membrane, and the contractile process.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033583500001190","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,17]],"date-time":"2009-03-17T16:15:21Z","timestamp":1237306521000},"page":"351-384","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":576,"title":["Control of muscle contraction"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Setsuro","family":"Ebashi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Makoto","family":"Endo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Iwao","family":"Ohtsuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0033583500001190_ref072","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.52.5.750"},{"key":"S0033583500001190_ref071","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.52.5.760"},{"key":"S0033583500001190_ref068","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00833a058"},{"key":"S0033583500001190_ref016","first-page":"126","article-title":"Release of calcium from sarcoplasmic reticulum in skinned fibers of the frog","volume":"7","author":"Endo","year":"1968","journal-title":"Proc. XXIV Int. Congr. Physiol. Sci."},{"key":"S0033583500001190_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/1921159a0"},{"key":"S0033583500001190_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a128918"},{"key":"S0033583500001190_ref048","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1963.sp007166"},{"key":"S0033583500001190_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1968.tb08474.x"},{"key":"S0033583500001190_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/214148a0"},{"key":"S0033583500001190_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.46.6.897"},{"key":"S0033583500001190_ref030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1969.sp008770"},{"key":"S0033583500001190_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1953.sp004944"},{"key":"S0033583500001190_ref027","first-page":"466","article-title":"The relation between calcium concentration and isometric force in skinned frog muscle fibers","volume":"25","author":"Hellam","year":"1966","journal-title":"Fedn Proc."},{"key":"S0033583500001190_ref037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1968.sp008607"},{"key":"S0033583500001190_ref051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.39.3.741"},{"key":"S0033583500001190_ref040","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1968.sp008394"},{"key":"S0033583500001190_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0079-6107(68)90023-0"},{"key":"S0033583500001190_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.158.3809.1702"},{"key":"S0033583500001190_ref060","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.163.3865.399"},{"key":"S0033583500001190_ref056","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a128619"},{"key":"S0033583500001190_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.50.6.197"},{"key":"S0033583500001190_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1960.sp006395"},{"key":"S0033583500001190_ref066","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1538196"},{"key":"S0033583500001190_ref045","first-page":"119","article-title":"The property and contraction process of isolated myofibrils","volume":"I","author":"Natori","year":"1954","journal-title":"Jikeikai med. J."},{"key":"S0033583500001190_ref038","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.37.1.105"},{"key":"S0033583500001190_ref017","first-page":"375","article-title":"Force development and calcium movements in skinned muscle fibers","volume":"27","author":"Ford","year":"1968","journal-title":"Fedn Proc."},{"key":"S0033583500001190_ref005","first-page":"46","article-title":"Myofibrillar ATPase as a determining factor for contraction velocity, and its changes upon experimental cross-innervation","volume":"201","author":"Buller","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"S0033583500001190_ref035","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(69)86403-9"},{"key":"S0033583500001190_ref014","first-page":"193","article-title":"Regulation of contraction\u2013relaxation cycle (in Japanese)","volume":"I","author":"Endo","year":"1967","journal-title":"Proc. XVII Gen. Ass. Japan Med. Congr."},{"key":"S0033583500001190_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.152.3723.794"},{"key":"S0033583500001190_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1968.sp008450"},{"key":"S0033583500001190_ref073","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.51.1.65"},{"key":"S0033583500001190_ref062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(67)90592-X"},{"key":"S0033583500001190_ref070","first-page":"203","volume-title":"Current topics in bioenergetics","author":"Weber","year":"1966"},{"key":"S0033583500001190_ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-6997(25)07050-4","article-title":"Excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal muscle","volume":"17","author":"Sandow","year":"1965","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"S0033583500001190_ref065","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00363480"},{"key":"S0033583500001190_ref043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a128717"},{"key":"S0033583500001190_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6107(64)80006-7"},{"key":"S0033583500001190_ref058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.25.3.209"},{"key":"S0033583500001190_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1969.sp008775"},{"key":"S0033583500001190_ref028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1969.sp008723"},{"key":"S0033583500001190_ref029","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2836(68)90190-3"},{"key":"S0033583500001190_ref039","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(62)90190-X"},{"key":"S0033583500001190_ref021","first-page":"363","article-title":"Le viribus electricitatis in motu musculari commentarius","volume":"7","author":"Galvani","year":"1791","journal-title":"Istituto scienze orti liberali Bologna"},{"key":"S0033583500001190_ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/S0096-4174(18)30128-8","article-title":"Muscle structure and theories of contraction","volume":"7","author":"Huxley","year":"1957","journal-title":"Progr. Biophys. biophys. Chem."},{"key":"S0033583500001190_ref052","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a128912"},{"key":"S0033583500001190_ref032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.164.3886.1356"},{"key":"S0033583500001190_ref046","first-page":"1","article-title":"Repeated contraction and conductive contraction observed in isolated myofibrils","volume":"2","author":"Natori","year":"1955","journal-title":"Jikeikai med. J."},{"key":"S0033583500001190_ref033","first-page":"410","article-title":"Electron microscopic investigation of the actin and myosin","volume":"345","author":"Ikemoto","year":"1966","journal-title":"Biochem. Z."},{"key":"S0033583500001190_ref034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(66)90588-2"},{"key":"S0033583500001190_ref036","first-page":"469","article-title":"Disturbances initiated from naked surface of muscle protoplasm","volume":"10","author":"Kamada","year":"1943","journal-title":"Jap. J. Zool."},{"key":"S0033583500001190_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1969.sp008702"},{"key":"S0033583500001190_ref041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3002(52)90159-5"},{"key":"S0033583500001190_ref042","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0926-6585(65)90144-5"},{"key":"S0033583500001190_ref044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a128975"},{"key":"S0033583500001190_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1254\/fpj.50.3_183"},{"key":"S0033583500001190_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033583500000536"},{"key":"S0033583500001190_ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1963.205.5.890","article-title":"Effect of nicotine on cardiac muscle contractions and radiocalcium movement","volume":"205","author":"Nayler","year":"1963","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"S0033583500001190_ref025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1969.sp008774"},{"key":"S0033583500001190_ref049","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1963.sp007167"},{"key":"S0033583500001190_ref012","first-page":"201","article-title":"New structural proteins from dog heart and chicken gizzard","volume":"345","author":"Ebashi","year":"1966","journal-title":"Biochem. Z."},{"key":"S0033583500001190_ref050","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00589161"},{"key":"S0033583500001190_ref053","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a128887"},{"key":"S0033583500001190_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a128485"},{"key":"S0033583500001190_ref054","volume-title":"J. Biochem.","author":"Ogawa","year":"1969"},{"key":"S0033583500001190_ref055","first-page":"645","article-title":"ATP-dependent Ca uptake of brain microsomes","volume":"66","author":"Ohtsuki","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. Biochem."},{"key":"S0033583500001190_ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1968.sp008509","article-title":"Facilitation of heart muscle contraction and its dependence on external calcium and sodium","volume":"196","author":"Oiucand","year":"1968","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"S0033583500001190_ref069","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a128955"},{"key":"S0033583500001190_ref059","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-010807-0.50009-X"},{"key":"S0033583500001190_ref063","first-page":"88","article-title":"The effects of temperature and caffeine on activation of the contractile mechanism in the striated muscle fibres","volume":"12","author":"Sakai","year":"1965","journal-title":"Jikeikai med. J."},{"key":"S0033583500001190_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.1030290103"},{"key":"S0033583500001190_ref061","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1968.sp008467"},{"key":"S0033583500001190_ref067","volume-title":"Chemistry of muscular contraction","author":"Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi","year":"1951"}],"container-title":["Quarterly Reviews of Biophysics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0033583500001190","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,8]],"date-time":"2025-02-08T13:22:02Z","timestamp":1739020922000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0033583500001190\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1969,11]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1969,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S0033583500001190"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0033583500001190","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-5835","1469-8994"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-5835","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8994","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1969,11]]}}}