{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,4]],"date-time":"2025-05-04T01:33:03Z","timestamp":1746322383675},"reference-count":6,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,9]],"date-time":"2009-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1236556800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":8743,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Robotica"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1985,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Increasing productivity in manufacturing industry leads to a continuing shift in the balance between employment in \u2018productive\u2019 and in \u2018service\u2019 industries, the latter providing more employment at present in a ratio of about 70:30. This paper is primarily concerned with employment in manufacturing industry. Some have seen automation as a means of de-skilling jobs, but there is evidence of a gradual \u2018upward\u2019 shift of skill requirements in manufacturing industry: the unskilled workers are being eliminated and the skilled manual workers replaced by technicians with mental skills. This introduces the need for re-training and raises the question whether one can have a society in which there are no unskilled persons.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0263574700001788","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,10]],"date-time":"2009-03-10T13:28:06Z","timestamp":1236691686000},"page":"93-95","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Employment skills for the robot age"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"D.A.","family":"Bell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0263574700001788_ref002","unstructured":"2Tables I and 11 are based on Tables 10 and 14 in ref. 5."},{"key":"S0263574700001788_ref005","volume-title":"Employment in the Age of Drastic Change","author":"Bell","year":"1984"},{"key":"S0263574700001788_ref003","first-page":"564","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Automation","author":"Bell","year":"1956"},{"key":"S0263574700001788_ref006","volume-title":"Retooling the American Work Force","author":"Choate","year":"1982"},{"key":"S0263574700001788_ref001","first-page":"35","volume-title":"Pre-Industrial England","author":"Holderness","year":"1976"},{"key":"S0263574700001788_ref004","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Economic Commentary","author":"Drucker","year":"1981"}],"container-title":["Robotica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0263574700001788","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,22]],"date-time":"2019-05-22T22:54:07Z","timestamp":1558565647000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0263574700001788\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1985,4]]},"references-count":6,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1985,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0263574700001788"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0263574700001788","relation":{},"ISSN":["0263-5747","1469-8668"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0263-5747","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8668","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1985,4]]}}}