{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,6]],"date-time":"2025-12-06T16:40:09Z","timestamp":1765039209510},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,19]],"date-time":"2013-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1374192000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Robotica"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>The increased use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is coincidentally accompanied by a notable lack of sensors suitable for enabling further improvement in levels of autonomy and, consequently, integration into the National Airspace System (NAS). The majority of available sensors suitable for UAV integration into the NAS are based on infrared detectors, focal plane arrays, optical and ultrasonic rangefinders, etc. These sensors are generally not able to detect or identify other UAV-sized targets and, when detection is possible, considerable computational power is typically required for successful identification. Furthermore, the performance of visual-range optical sensor systems may suffer when operating under conditions that are typically encountered during search and rescue, surveillance, combat, and most other common UAV applications. However, the addition of a miniature RADAR sensor can, in consort with other sensors, provide comprehensive target detection and identification capabilities for UAVs. This trend is observed in manned aviation where RADAR sensors are the primary on-board detection and identification sensors. In this paper, a miniature, lightweight X-band RADAR sensor for use on a miniature (710-mm rotor diameter) rotorcraft is described. We present an analysis of the performance of the RADAR sensor in a realistic scenario with two UAVs. Additionally, an analysis of UAV navigation and collision avoidance behaviors is performed to determine the effect of integrating RADAR sensors into UAVs. Further study is also performed to demonstrate the scalability of the RADAR for use with larger UAV classes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0263574713000659","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,19]],"date-time":"2013-07-19T10:48:41Z","timestamp":1374230921000},"page":"97-114","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["UAV-borne X-band radar for collision avoidance"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Allistair","family":"Moses","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew J.","family":"Rutherford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michail","family":"Kontitsis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kimon P.","family":"Valavanis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0263574713000659_ref1","volume-title":"IEEE Conference on Control Applications","author":"Moses","year":"2011"},{"key":"S0263574713000659_ref10","volume-title":"LTC1864\/LTC1865","author":"Technology"},{"key":"S0263574713000659_ref19","unstructured":"Boeing Commercial Airplanes, \u201c747-8 airplane characteristics for airport planning\u201d (Sep. 2008)."},{"key":"S0263574713000659_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/PBRA018E"},{"key":"S0263574713000659_ref6","unstructured":"Z. F. Systems , \u201cPCAS MRX product page,\u201d Zaon Flight Systems, Technical Report."},{"key":"S0263574713000659_ref9","volume-title":"Antenna Engineering Handbook","author":"Volakis","year":"2007"},{"key":"S0263574713000659_ref14","unstructured":"J. R. Allan and A. P. Orosz , \u201cThe Costs of Birdstrikes to Commercial Aviation.\u201d 2001 Bird Strike Committee-USA\/Canada (2001)."},{"key":"S0263574713000659_ref18","unstructured":"Bombardier Aerospace, Business Aircraft, \u201cLearjet 40xr factsheet.\u201d"},{"key":"S0263574713000659_ref13","volume-title":"Pattern Classification","author":"Duda","year":"2001"},{"key":"S0263574713000659_ref16","unstructured":"D. Flugzeugbau , \u201cDG-808: The High-Performance Sailplane and Motor Glider,\u201d DG Flugzeugbau, Germany."},{"key":"S0263574713000659_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. Moses , M. J. Rutherford , M. Kontitsis and K. P. Valavanis , \u201cUAV-borne X-band Radar for MAV Collision Avoidance,\u201d In: Proc. SPIE 8045, Unmanned Systems Technology XIII, 80450U (May 23, 2011).","DOI":"10.1117\/12.884150"},{"key":"S0263574713000659_ref3","unstructured":"Introduction to TCASII, Version 7, U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration (Nov. 2000)."},{"key":"S0263574713000659_ref5","unstructured":"\u201cTCAS\/ACAS,\u201d Forecast International, Technical Report (January 2007)."},{"key":"S0263574713000659_ref15","unstructured":"S. V. Lieven Dewitte , \u201cM61 a1 vulcan: 20 mm gatling gun system,\u201d Technical Report."},{"key":"S0263574713000659_ref17","unstructured":"Cessna Aircraft Company, \u201cSkyhawk model 172r: Specification and description\u201d (May 2010)."},{"key":"S0263574713000659_ref8","unstructured":"\u201cFLARM faq,\u201d Gliderpilot.org, Technical Report."},{"key":"S0263574713000659_ref4","volume-title":"ICAO Doc. 7030\/4 (Region Supplementary Procedures)","year":"2008"},{"key":"S0263574713000659_ref7","unstructured":"\u201cFLARM technical overview\u2013 how does it work ?\u201d Gliderpilot.org, Technical Report."},{"key":"S0263574713000659_ref12","volume-title":"The Navigation and Control Technology Inside the AR.Drone Micro UAV","author":"Bristeau","year":"2011"}],"container-title":["Robotica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0263574713000659","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,23]],"date-time":"2019-04-23T01:05:39Z","timestamp":1555981539000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0263574713000659\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,19]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0263574713000659"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0263574713000659","relation":{},"ISSN":["0263-5747","1469-8668"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0263-5747","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8668","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,19]]}}}