{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T08:30:08Z","timestamp":1763454608824,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Robotica"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Sit-to-stand (STS) motion is an essential daily activity. However, this motion becomes increasingly difficult for older adults as their muscle strength declines with age. To assist individuals in standing up while maximizing their muscle strength based on the assist-as-needed (AAN) strategy, assistive devices must detect early STS intent, specifically before the buttocks leave the chair, to ensure timely assistance. This study proposes a novel method for detecting STS intent by applying external mechanical stimuli to the toes and analyzing the resulting changes in heel and toe-reaction forces. Moreover, a structured detection framework was developed by utilizing predefined thresholds for the change rate and magnitude of the heel and toe-reaction forces to detect STS intent. Offline tests for threshold setting of STS-intent detection were established in the offline tests: change rate and magnitude of the reaction forces on the heel and toes. The thresholds for each criterion were determined using the Pareto optimization method. Using the determined thresholds, these criteria were then applied in online tests to evaluate the performance of the proposed intent detection method. The results demonstrated that mechanical stimuli improved the performance of STS-intent detection, providing accurate and stable detection. This method can be applied to STS-assistive devices to effectively implement AAN functionality for standing assistance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0263574725102555","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T04:20:16Z","timestamp":1759292416000},"page":"3554-3577","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A novel method for detecting sit-to-stand intent using mechanical toe stimulus with foot reaction forces"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Jian","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Science Tokyo"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4727-2022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ming","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Science Tokyo"}]},{"given":"Qizhi","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Science Tokyo"}]},{"given":"Yusuke","family":"Sugahara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Science Tokyo"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9388-4391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Ceccarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Science Tokyo"},{"name":"University of Rome Tor Vergata"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6910-3329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yukio","family":"Takeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Science Tokyo"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0263574725102555_ref14","first-page":"1","volume-title":"2016 IEEE Signal Processing in Medicine and Biology Symposium (SPMB)","author":"Li","year":"2016"},{"key":"S0263574725102555_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA46639.2022.9812422"},{"key":"S0263574725102555_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/016918610X512622"},{"key":"S0263574725102555_ref1","first-page":"409","article-title":"Chair rise strategy in the functionally impaired elderly","volume":"33","author":"Hughes","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Res. Dev."},{"key":"S0263574725102555_ref15","first-page":"1","volume-title":"2020 IEEE 2nd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Engineering and Technology (IICAIET)","author":"Inoue","year":"2020"},{"volume-title":"Zozo Corporation Report","year":"2020)","key":"S0263574725102555_ref28"},{"key":"S0263574725102555_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CYBER55403.2022.9907225"},{"key":"S0263574725102555_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.15665"},{"volume-title":"Introduction to Optimum Design","year":"2011","author":"Arora","key":"S0263574725102555_ref30"},{"key":"S0263574725102555_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/82.9.866"},{"key":"S0263574725102555_ref29","first-page":"1188","article-title":"Revision of the standard for joint range of motion presentation and measurement methods (April 2022 revision)","volume":"58","year":"2022","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"S0263574725102555_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ROMAN.2017.8172284"},{"key":"S0263574725102555_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MeMeA.2011.5966665"},{"key":"S0263574725102555_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1299\/jsdd.6.466"},{"key":"S0263574725102555_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a116681"},{"key":"S0263574725102555_ref27","first-page":"1","volume-title":"2024 46th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)","author":"Jiang","year":"2024"},{"key":"S0263574725102555_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LRA.2023.3328449"},{"key":"S0263574725102555_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISR50024.2021.9419518"},{"key":"S0263574725102555_ref25","unstructured":"[25] Zheng, J. , Jiang, M. , Botta, A. , Sugahara, Y. and Takeda, Y. . Detection of Intent in Sit-to-Stand Using Plantar Reaction Force in Response to External Stimulus On Toe (In Japanese). In: LIFE2023 (2023) p. 3A1E3."},{"key":"S0263574725102555_ref7","first-page":"164","article-title":"Stand-up assistive devices allowing patients to perform voluntary movements within the safety movement tolerance","volume":"2","author":"Chugo","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Artif. Intell. Technol."},{"key":"S0263574725102555_ref26","unstructured":"[26] Jiang, M. , Zheng, J. , Botta, A. , Sugahara, Y. and Takeda, Y. , \u201cEstimation of Sit-to-Stand Intentions via Plantar Force Reaction Induced by External Stimulus on Toe,\u201d In: 29th Robotics Symposia, Japan (2024)."},{"volume-title":"Introduction to Body Dynamics: Analysis of the Sit-to-Stand Movement (in Japanese)","year":"2018","author":"Egahara","key":"S0263574725102555_ref24"},{"key":"S0263574725102555_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICARM.2019.8833922"},{"key":"S0263574725102555_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1299\/transjsme.17-00058"},{"key":"S0263574725102555_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-6362(98)00033-2"},{"key":"S0263574725102555_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0263574717000546"},{"key":"S0263574725102555_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/11\/5\/056021"},{"key":"S0263574725102555_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2010.2089171"},{"key":"S0263574725102555_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.robot.2020.103667"},{"volume-title":"Classification of Certification for Long-term Care","year":"2023)","key":"S0263574725102555_ref13"},{"key":"S0263574725102555_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1589\/rika.13.85"},{"key":"S0263574725102555_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2016.7591172"}],"container-title":["Robotica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0263574725102555","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T08:27:11Z","timestamp":1763454431000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0263574725102555\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0263574725102555"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0263574725102555","relation":{},"ISSN":["0263-5747","1469-8668"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0263-5747"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1469-8668"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}}}