{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T13:07:22Z","timestamp":1771592842218,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763078400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Robotica"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This research proposes an Internet of Things (IoT)-enabled adaptive robotic navigation framework tailored for smart campuses and urban mobility systems. It aims to overcome critical limitations in existing systems that rely on static data, lack real-time adaptability, and perform poorly in dynamic or adverse environments. The proposed system uniquely integrates heterogeneous real-time data sources including traffic, obstacle, and weather captured from IoT sensors into a unified decision-making architecture. It combines a graph neural network for dynamic environmental modeling, a convolutional neural network for obstacle mapping, and a multilayer perceptron for weather-aware path assessment. A proximal policy optimization-based reinforcement learning (RL) controller then computes continuous control actions. A novel multi-objective reward function adaptively adjusts priorities between travel time, energy efficiency, collision risk, and terrain stability based on the current IoT context, enabling fine-grained, scenario-aware optimization. The system is deployed on resource-constrained edge hardware (Jetson Nano), proving its feasibility for real-time embedded applications. Simulations across diverse scenarios including urban traffic congestion, dynamic obstacle handling, and adverse weather demonstrate 95% navigation accuracy, 98% obstacle detection precision, and near-optimal route selection. The framework sustains real-time operation with 10 Hz decision throughput and sub-300 ms latency, outperforming traditional static and rule-based systems while sustaining over 92% performance consistency under adverse weather. This work introduces a first-of-its-kind modular framework that fuses IoT sensory data, adaptive RL control, and edge deployment for robust, efficient navigation. It establishes a scalable baseline for real-world autonomous mobility in smart city ecosystems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s026357472510283x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T08:30:42Z","timestamp":1763109042000},"page":"4268-4301","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An Internet of Things-enabled adaptive robotic framework for autonomous navigation in smart campus and urban mobility systems"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8617-1335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Indra","family":"Kishor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Poornima Institute of Engineering & Technology"}]},{"given":"Udit","family":"Mamodiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Poornima University"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6299-6064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sumit","family":"Saini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03mtwkv54","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Central University of Haryana"}]},{"given":"Mohammed Amin","family":"Almaiah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Jordan"}]},{"given":"Vaibhav","family":"Gandhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parul University"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"S026357472510283X_ref19","first-page":"32","article-title":"Intelligent traffic management system based on IoT challenges and applications","volume":"1","author":"Samah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nile Journal for Commercial, Legal and Information Systems Science"},{"key":"S026357472510283X_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48084\/etasr.8003"},{"key":"S026357472510283X_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/robotics14040039"},{"key":"S026357472510283X_ref20","first-page":"978","volume-title":"Advances in Artificial Intelligence and Data Engineering. AIDE 2019","author":"Mondal","year":"2021"},{"key":"S026357472510283X_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0373463321000904"},{"key":"S026357472510283X_ref44","first-page":"100992","article-title":"An advanced deep reinforcement learning algorithm for three-layer D2D-edge-cloud computing architecture for efficient task offloading in the internet of things","volume":"44","author":"Moghaddasi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sustain. Comput.: Inform. Syst."},{"key":"S026357472510283X_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-37303-9_21"},{"key":"S026357472510283X_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICAICCIT60255.2023.10466202"},{"key":"S026357472510283X_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics10070809"},{"key":"S026357472510283X_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2022.3150598"},{"key":"S026357472510283X_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IC3I61595.2024.10829291"},{"key":"S026357472510283X_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.30574\/wjarr.2024.22.3.1886"},{"key":"S026357472510283X_ref42","first-page":"1","article-title":"SDN-based NFV deployment for multi-objective resource allocation in edge computing: A deep reinforcement learning for IoT workload scheduling","volume":"45","author":"Hosseinzadeh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sustain. Comput.: Inform. Syst."},{"key":"S026357472510283X_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0373463322000121"},{"key":"S026357472510283X_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICONAT61936.2024.10774737Please"},{"key":"S026357472510283X_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0263574725000438"},{"key":"S026357472510283X_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CSNDSP60683.2024.10636428"},{"key":"S026357472510283X_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iot.2025.101587"},{"key":"S026357472510283X_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app10093219"},{"key":"S026357472510283X_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2304.06639"},{"key":"S026357472510283X_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.52710\/rjcse.85"},{"key":"S026357472510283X_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/UBMK63289.2024.10773582"},{"key":"S026357472510283X_ref41","first-page":"137","volume-title":"An Internet of Things-based Integrative Safety Framework of Autonomous Vehicles for Special Needs Society","author":"Anjum","year":"2024"},{"key":"S026357472510283X_ref22","first-page":"985","article-title":"Enhancing urban mobility: Integration of IoT road traffic data and artificial intelligence in smart city environment","volume":"32","author":"Moumen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Indone. J. Electrical Eng. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"S026357472510283X_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0373463324000055"},{"key":"S026357472510283X_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4018\/979-8-3693-5498-8.ch010"},{"key":"S026357472510283X_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/robotics14040053"},{"key":"S026357472510283X_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0373463324000201"},{"key":"S026357472510283X_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/robotics14040043"},{"key":"S026357472510283X_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3348513"},{"key":"S026357472510283X_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2020.3006199"},{"key":"S026357472510283X_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2024.3351908"},{"key":"S026357472510283X_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0310002"},{"key":"S026357472510283X_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-59897-6_11"},{"key":"S026357472510283X_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5687","DOI":"10.1149\/10701.5687ecst","article-title":"Ajith Singh,\u201cIntelligent tracking and navigating moving objects in a smart environment using IoT Network","volume":"107","author":"Parvathi","year":"2022","journal-title":"ECS Trans."},{"key":"S026357472510283X_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.36227\/techrxiv.170906134.46169506\/v1"},{"key":"S026357472510283X_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0373463322000029"},{"key":"S026357472510283X_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14484846.2021.2023266"},{"key":"S026357472510283X_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S037346332300019X"},{"key":"S026357472510283X_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0373463323000206"},{"key":"S026357472510283X_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INDIN51400.2023.10217896"},{"key":"S026357472510283X_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0373463324000286"},{"key":"S026357472510283X_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su15139859"},{"key":"S026357472510283X_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[18] Tyagi, A. K. and Sreenath, N. , \u201cIntelligent transportation system in internet of things-based computing environment,\u201d Disruptive technologies and digital transformations for society 5.0. 265\u2013281 (2022). 10.1007\/978-981-19-7622-3_12.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-19-7622-3_12"},{"key":"S026357472510283X_ref3","first-page":"1","article-title":"Four-dimensional path planning methodology for collaborative robots application in industry 5.0","volume":"14","author":"Chouridis","year":"2025","journal-title":"Robotics"}],"container-title":["Robotica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S026357472510283X","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T12:25:05Z","timestamp":1771590305000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S026357472510283X\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S026357472510283X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s026357472510283x","relation":{},"ISSN":["0263-5747","1469-8668"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0263-5747","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8668","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]]}}}