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However, conventional CFMs often suffer from short constant-force strokes and inefficient space utilization, which hinder their broader application. To address these limitations, this study exploits the buckling of compliant beams and increases the structural degrees of freedom by adopting a less constrained configuration, which extends the constant-force stroke and space utilization while reducing the required external load, thus improving energy storage efficiency for the same stored elastic energy. A novel catapult was developed through NSGA-II multi-objective optimization, achieving a high energy-to-cost ratio and an extended constant-force stroke. This work presents an effective design approach for motion mechanisms that demand high energy-storage efficiency and high-power output.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s026357472510310x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T07:55:25Z","timestamp":1768204525000},"page":"129-149","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Enlarging elastic energy storage via a constant force mechanism"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0134-561X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yehui","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wentao","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruiyu","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fulei","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xidian University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guimin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"S026357472510310X_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04606-3"},{"key":"S026357472510310X_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/iob\/obac032"},{"key":"S026357472510310X_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMECH.2012.2234759"},{"key":"S026357472510310X_ref22","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ASME 2023 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, Volume 2: Advanced Design and Information Technologies","author":"Johnson","year":"2023"},{"key":"S026357472510310X_ref47","first-page":"2131","volume-title":"2010 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation","author":"Lan","year":"2010"},{"key":"S026357472510310X_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TRO.2012.2198510"},{"key":"S026357472510310X_ref35","first-page":"179","article-title":"Optimum design of a piezo-actuated triaxial compliant mechanism for nanocutting","volume":"40","author":"Zhu","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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