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This is combined with an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) to fuse odometry predictions, reflector observations, and LOAM measurements, effectively mitigating localization drift in the submap. By employing CostMap-Multilateration-based loop closure detection and keyframe selection strategies focused on high-reflection regions of interest (ROIs), our approach achieves robust submap-to-submap registration through a coarse-to-fine process. This ensures globally consistent map construction. To validate the proposed method, qualitative and quantitative evaluations were conducted in real-world environments. The results show that in degenerate indoor environments, the performance of our approach is comparable to, and even exceeds, that of state-of-the-art SLAM methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0263574726103348","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T11:23:42Z","timestamp":1776943422000},"page":"865-882","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Artificial landmark enhanced light detection and ranging (LiDAR) odometry and mapping for LiDARs with a small field of view"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0210-0236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiying","family":"Ren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"ChenXu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tsinghua University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"YongXin","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"PanLing","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0263574726103348_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA40945.2020.9197440"},{"key":"S0263574726103348_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LRA.2021.3092274"},{"key":"S0263574726103348_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[31] Behley, J. and Stachniss, C. , \u201cEfficient Surfel-Based SLAM using 3D Laser Range Data in Urban Environments,\u201d In: Robotics: Science and Systems, vol. 2018 (Pittsburgh, PA: Robotics: Science and Systems Foundation, 2018) pp. 59.","DOI":"10.15607\/RSS.2018.XIV.016"},{"key":"S0263574726103348_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS40897.2019.8967704"},{"key":"S0263574726103348_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS.2018.8593953"},{"key":"S0263574726103348_ref22","first-page":"1","article-title":"An intensity-augmented LiDAR-inertial SLAM for solid-state LiDARs in degenerated environments","volume":"71","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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