{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T04:17:29Z","timestamp":1782879449878,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1-2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,3]],"date-time":"2011-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1320278400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":7246,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1992]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Granites and related volcanic rocks of the Lachlan Fold Belt can be grouped into suites using chemical and petrographic data. The distinctive characteristics of suites reflect source-rock features. The first-order subdivision within the suites is between those derived from igneous and from sedimentary source rocks, the I- and S-types. Differences between the two types of source rocks and their derived granites are due to the sedimentary source material having been previously weathered at the Earth's surface. Chemically, the S-type granites are lower in Na, Ca, Sr and Fe<jats:sup>3+<\/jats:sup>\/Fe<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>, and higher in Cr and Ni. As a consequence, the S-types are always peraluminous and contain Al-rich minerals. A little over 50% of the I-type granites are metaluminous and these more mafic rocks contain hornblende. In the absence of associated mafic rocks, the more felsic and slightly peraluminous I-type granites may be difficult to distinguish from felsic S-type granites. This overlap in composition is to be expected and results from the restricted chemical composition of the lowest temperature felsic melts. The compositions of more mafic I- and S-type granites diverge, as a result of the incorporation of more mafic components from the source, either as restite or a component of higher temperature melt. There is no overlap in composition between the most mafic I- and S-type granites, whose compositions are closest to those of their respective source rocks. Likewise, the enclaves present in the more mafic granites have compositions reflecting those of their host rocks, and probably in most cases, the source rocks.<\/jats:p><jats:p>S-type granites have higher \u03b4<jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>O values and more evolved Sr and Nd isotopic compositions, although the radiogenic isotope compositions overlap with I-types. Although the isotopic compositions lie close to a mixing curve, it is thought that the amount of mixing in the source rocks was restricted, and occurred prior to partial melting. I-type granites are thought to have been derived from deep crust formed by underplating and thus are infracrustal, in contrast to the supracrustal S-type source rocks.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Crystallisation of feldspars from felsic granite melts leads to distinctive changes in the trace element compositions of more evolved I- and S-type granites. Most notably, P increases in abundance with fractionation of crystals from the more strongly peraluminous S-type felsic melts, while it decreases in abundance in the analogous, but weakly peraluminous, I-type melts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0263593300007720","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,3]],"date-time":"2011-11-03T12:46:00Z","timestamp":1320324360000},"page":"1-26","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1065,"title":["I- and S-type granites in the Lachlan Fold Belt"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"B. W.","family":"Chappell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. J. R.","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0263593300007720_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0263593300008051"},{"key":"S0263593300007720_ref082","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S026359330001419X"},{"key":"S0263593300007720_ref048","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14400957308527908"},{"key":"S0263593300007720_ref088","unstructured":"Williams I. S. 1973. Granites north of Jindabyne, New South Wales. Unpublished BSc thesis, The Australian National University."},{"key":"S0263593300007720_ref002","first-page":"543","article-title":"Cordierite granite from Terip Terip, Victoria","volume":"25","author":"Baker","year":"1940","journal-title":"AM MINERAL"},{"key":"S0263593300007720_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S026359330000780X"},{"key":"S0263593300007720_ref024","unstructured":"Chappell B. W. , Williams I. S. , White A. J. R. & McCulloch M. T. , 1990. Granites of the Lachlan Fold Belt. ICOG 7 Field Guide Excursion A-2. REC BMR GEOL GEOPHYS 1990\/48."},{"key":"S0263593300007720_ref034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00457291"},{"key":"S0263593300007720_ref018","first-page":"173","article-title":"Two contrasting granite types","volume":"8","author":"Chappell","year":"1974","journal-title":"PACIFIC GEOL"},{"key":"S0263593300007720_ref068","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00167617608728936"},{"key":"S0263593300007720_ref081","first-page":"21","article-title":"circum-Pacific Plutonic Terranes","volume":"159","author":"White","year":"1983","journal-title":"GEOL SOC AM MEM"},{"key":"S0263593300007720_ref072","first-page":"13","article-title":"Magnetite-series\/Ilmenite-series vs I-type\/S-type granitoids","volume":"8","author":"Takahashi","year":"1980","journal-title":"MINING GEOL SPEC ISSUE"},{"key":"S0263593300007720_ref025","volume-title":"Granites and related rocks of the Lachlan Fold Belt (1:1 250 000 scale map)","author":"Chappell","year":"1991"},{"key":"S0263593300007720_ref057","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08120098808729454"},{"key":"S0263593300007720_ref060","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1144\/gsjgs.133.6.0559"},{"key":"S0263593300007720_ref070","volume-title":"Eruptive rocks","author":"Shand","year":"1927"},{"key":"S0263593300007720_ref037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00167617808729030"},{"key":"S0263593300007720_ref033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00167616208728514"},{"key":"S0263593300007720_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gj.3350250306"},{"key":"S0263593300007720_ref049","unstructured":"King P. L. , White A. J. R. & Chappell B. W. (in prep.) Characterization and origin of the A-type granites of the Lachlan Fold Belt."},{"key":"S0263593300007720_ref051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00167616508728583"},{"key":"S0263593300007720_ref007","first-page":"9","article-title":"An outline of the history of igneous activity in New South Wales till the close of the Palaeozoic Era","volume":"54","author":"Browne","year":"1929","journal-title":"PROC LINN SOC NSW"},{"key":"S0263593300007720_ref053","first-page":"246","volume-title":"ABST ICOG","volume":"5","author":"McCulloch","year":"1982"},{"key":"S0263593300007720_ref061","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00379742"},{"key":"S0263593300007720_ref093","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-2541(83)90073-6"},{"key":"S0263593300007720_ref078","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/petrology\/26.3.603"},{"key":"S0263593300007720_ref052","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-821X(82)90102-9"},{"key":"S0263593300007720_ref021","first-page":"375","volume-title":"Enclaves and Granite Petrology","author":"Chappell","year":"1991"},{"key":"S0263593300007720_ref045","first-page":"156","article-title":"Petrological studies in the Ordovician of N.S.W. I. The Cooma Complex","volume":"67","author":"Joplin","year":"1942","journal-title":"PROC LINN SOC NSW"},{"key":"S0263593300007720_ref058","first-page":"58","article-title":"Redox equilibria, structure, and properties of Fe-bearing aluminosilicate melts: relationships among temperature, composition, and oxygen fugacity in the system Na2O\u2013Al2O3,\u2013SiO2\u2013Fe\u2013O","volume":"74","author":"Mysen","year":"1989","journal-title":"AM MINER"},{"key":"S0263593300007720_ref015","unstructured":"Chappell B. W. & Hine R. (in prep.) Geochemistry and petrogenesis of the Cornubian Batholith."},{"key":"S0263593300007720_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/SPE241-p145"},{"key":"S0263593300007720_ref038","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(90)90056-Q"},{"key":"S0263593300007720_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08120098808729466"},{"key":"S0263593300007720_ref031","first-page":"377","volume-title":"The Earth: its origin, structure and evolution","author":"Compston","year":"1979"},{"key":"S0263593300007720_ref029","first-page":"111","article-title":"Crystallization and origin of some peraluminous (S-type) granite magmas","volume":"19","author":"Clemens","year":"1981","journal-title":"CAN MINERAL"},{"key":"S0263593300007720_ref026","unstructured":"Chappell B. W. , Wyborn L. A. I. , White A. J. R. , Burnham C. W. & Wyborn D. (in prep.) S-type granites of the Wagga Basement Terrane: an example of compositional variation resulting from sequential restite fractionation, fractional crystallization and hydrothermal alteration."},{"key":"S0263593300007720_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bateman P. C. , Clark L. D. , Huber N. K. , Moore J. G. & Rinehart C. D. 1963. The Sierra Nevada Batholith: a synthesis of recent work across the central part. US GEOL SURV PROF PAP 414D.","DOI":"10.3133\/pp414D"},{"key":"S0263593300007720_ref062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/petrology\/6.2.193"},{"key":"S0263593300007720_ref016","first-page":"17","article-title":"Possible mixed source rocks in the Bega Batholith: constraints provided by combined chemical and isotopic studies","volume":"27","author":"Chappell","year":"1990","journal-title":"ICOG-7, ABST GEOL SOC AUST"},{"key":"S0263593300007720_ref071","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0263593300014152"},{"key":"S0263593300007720_ref032","volume-title":"The Geology of the Commonwealth of Australia","author":"David","year":"1950"},{"key":"S0263593300007720_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00167617808729035"},{"key":"S0263593300007720_ref079","first-page":"281","article-title":"Opaque mineralogy and mafic mineral chemistry of I- and S-type granites of the Lachlan Fold Belt, southeast Australia","volume":"73","author":"Whalen","year":"1988","journal-title":"AM MINERAL"},{"key":"S0263593300007720_ref020","first-page":"87","volume-title":"Geology of granites and their metallogenic relations","author":"Chappell","year":"1984"},{"key":"S0263593300007720_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/JB095iB11p17757"},{"key":"S0263593300007720_ref086","volume-title":"Geology of the Berridale 1:100000 Sheet (8625)","author":"White","year":"1977"},{"key":"S0263593300007720_ref055","first-page":"1990","article-title":"Origin of alkali-feldspar granites: an example from the Poimena Granite, northweastern Tasmania, Australia\u201d","volume":"54","author":"MacKenzie","journal-title":"GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM ACTA"},{"key":"S0263593300007720_ref091","first-page":"744","article-title":"Significance of the assemblage titanite + magnetite + quartz in granitic rocks","volume":"74","author":"Wones","year":"1989","journal-title":"AM MINERAL"},{"key":"S0263593300007720_ref089","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00167617508728914"},{"key":"S0263593300007720_ref090","first-page":"424","article-title":"Dating the sources of Bega Batholith granites by ion microprobe","volume":"21","author":"Williams","year":"1988","journal-title":"ABST GEOL SOC AUST"},{"key":"S0263593300007720_ref019","unstructured":"Chappell B. W. & White A. J. R. 1976. Plutonic rocks of the Lachlan Mobile Zone. International Geological Congress 25, Field Guide Excursion 13C."},{"key":"S0263593300007720_ref050","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00167616608728603"},{"key":"S0263593300007720_ref092","unstructured":"Wyborn D. 1983. Fractionation processes in the Boggy Plain zoned pluton. Unpublished PhD thesis, The Australian National University."},{"key":"S0263593300007720_ref094","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/JB086iB11p10335"},{"key":"S0263593300007720_ref095","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08120098708729392"},{"key":"S0263593300007720_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0263593300007987"},{"key":"S0263593300007720_ref047","unstructured":"Joyce A. S. 1970. Geochemistry of the Murrumbidgee Batholith. Unpublished PhD thesis, The Australian National University."},{"key":"S0263593300007720_ref039","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S001675680009155X"},{"key":"S0263593300007720_ref056","first-page":"71","article-title":"High apatite solubility in peraluminous melts","volume":"8","author":"Montel","year":"1988","journal-title":"TERRA COGNITA"},{"key":"S0263593300007720_ref063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/0016-7606(1973)84<3181:FRITSN>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"S0263593300007720_ref067","first-page":"179","article-title":"Petrogenesis of the Murrumbucka Tonalite: a granitoid with both I- and S-type character","volume":"9","author":"Reid","year":"1983","journal-title":"ABST GEOL SOC AUST"},{"key":"S0263593300007720_ref084","first-page":"159","article-title":"Geologic setting and emplacement of some Australian Palaeozoic batholiths and implications for intrusive mechanisms","volume":"8","author":"White","year":"1974","journal-title":"PACIFIC GEOL"},{"key":"S0263593300007720_ref044","first-page":"293","article-title":"The magnetite-series and ilmenite-series granitic rocks","volume":"27","author":"Ishihara","year":"1977","journal-title":"MINING GEOL"},{"key":"S0263593300007720_ref085","volume-title":"Berridale 1:100000 Geological Sheet","author":"White"},{"key":"S0263593300007720_ref096","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/petrology\/27.5.1095"},{"key":"S0263593300007720_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.1984.0015"},{"key":"S0263593300007720_ref036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08120099008727931"},{"key":"S0263593300007720_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/petrology\/28.6.1111"},{"key":"S0263593300007720_ref074","unstructured":"Tetley N. W. 1978. Geochronology by the 40Ar\/39Ar technique using HIFAR reactor. Unpublished PhD thesis, The Australian National University."},{"key":"S0263593300007720_ref059","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2475\/ajs.245.7.401"},{"key":"S0263593300007720_ref030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00374895"},{"key":"S0263593300007720_ref077","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00375359"},{"key":"S0263593300007720_ref069","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-821X(77)90008-5"},{"key":"S0263593300007720_ref011","unstructured":"Chappell B. W. 1966. Petrogenesis of the granites at Moonbi, New South Wales. Unpublished PhD thesis, The Australian National University."},{"key":"S0263593300007720_ref046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00167616208728515"},{"key":"S0263593300007720_ref040","unstructured":"Hine R. 1971. Granite studies of the Kosciusko Batholith. Unpublished BSc thesis, The Australian National University."},{"key":"S0263593300007720_ref035","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-821X(84)90208-5"},{"key":"S0263593300007720_ref083","volume-title":"Geology of the Numbla 1:100 000 Sheet (8624)","author":"White","year":"1989"},{"key":"S0263593300007720_ref042","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/petrology\/13.1.1"},{"key":"S0263593300007720_ref043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/0016-7606(1965)76[165:IOISSR]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"S0263593300007720_ref075","article-title":"Origin of granite in the light of experimental studies in the system NaAlSi3O8\u2013KAlSi2O8\u2013SiO2\u2013H2O","volume":"74","author":"Tuttle","year":"1958","journal-title":"GEOL SOC AM MEM"},{"key":"S0263593300007720_ref054","first-page":"2507","volume-title":"GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM ACTA","volume":"52","author":"MacKenzie","year":"1988"},{"key":"S0263593300007720_ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1144\/GSL.JGS.1949.105.01-04.06","article-title":"A contemplation of time in plutonism","volume":"105","author":"Read","year":"1949","journal-title":"Q J GEOL SOC LONDON"},{"key":"S0263593300007720_ref041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00167617808729029"},{"key":"S0263593300007720_ref064","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/MEM28-p1"},{"key":"S0263593300007720_ref076","first-page":"180","article-title":"Southern and Central Highlands fold belt: plutonic and metamorphic rocks","volume":"16","author":"Vallance","year":"1969","journal-title":"J GEOL SOC AUST"},{"key":"S0263593300007720_ref013","first-page":"400","article-title":"Granites as images of their source rocks","volume":"11","author":"Chappell","year":"1979","journal-title":"GEOL SOC AMERICA PROG ABST"},{"key":"S0263593300007720_ref073","first-page":"230","article-title":"Contact metamorphism in the Bulla area","volume":"37","author":"Tattam","year":"1925","journal-title":"PROC R SOC VICTORIA"},{"key":"S0263593300007720_ref003","unstructured":"Ball C. W. , Dallwitz W. B. & Noakes L. C. 1948. Geological reconnaissance of the proposed hydro-electric works in Kosciusko area between Waste Point and Khancoban. REC BMR GEOL GEOPHYS 1948\/7."},{"key":"S0263593300007720_ref087","volume-title":"Numbla 1:100 000 Geological Sheet","author":"White","year":"1989"},{"key":"S0263593300007720_ref066","unstructured":"Reid E. J. 1980. The geology and geochemistry of the Murrumbucka region. Unpublished MSc thesis, The Australian National University."},{"key":"S0263593300007720_ref028","first-page":"113","volume-title":"Enclaves and granite petrology","author":"Chen","year":"1991"},{"key":"S0263593300007720_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0263593300014139"},{"key":"S0263593300007720_ref008","first-page":"114","article-title":"Notes on bathyliths and some of their implications","volume":"65","author":"Browne","year":"1931","journal-title":"J R SOC NSW"},{"key":"S0263593300007720_ref080","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0040-1951(77)90003-8"}],"container-title":["Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0263593300007720","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,17]],"date-time":"2019-05-17T19:38:33Z","timestamp":1558121913000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0263593300007720\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1992]]},"references-count":96,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1-2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1992]]}},"alternative-id":["S0263593300007720"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0263593300007720","relation":{},"ISSN":["1755-6910","1755-6929"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1755-6910","type":"print"},{"value":"1755-6929","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1992]]}}}