{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T19:10:46Z","timestamp":1776107446884,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Maximum Academic Press","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,7]],"date-time":"2009-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1246924800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":5697,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Knowledge Engineering Review"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1993,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Human understanding in design evolves through a process of critiquing existing knowledge and consequently expanding the store of design knowledge. Critiquing is a dialogue in which the interjection of a reasoned opinion about a product or action triggers further reflection on or changes to the artifact being designed. Our work has focused on applying this successful human critiquing paradigm to human-computer interaction. We argue that computer-based critiquing systems are most effective when they are embedded in domain-oriented design environments, which are knowledge-based computer systems that support designers in specifying a problem and constructing a solution. Embedded critics play a number of important roles in such design environments: (1) they increase the designer's understanding of design situations by pointing out problematic situations early in the design process; (2) they support the integration of problem framing and problem solving by providing a linkage between the design specification and the design construction; and (3) they help designers access relevant information in the large information spaces provided by the design environment. Three embedded critiquing mechanisms\u2014generic, specific, and interpretive critics\u2014are presented, and their complementary roles within the design environment architecture are described.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s026988890000031x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,7]],"date-time":"2009-07-07T09:34:43Z","timestamp":1246959283000},"page":"285-307","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Embedding critics in design environments"],"prefix":"10.48130","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Gerhard","family":"Fischer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kumiyo","family":"Nakakoji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Ostwald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Gerry","family":"Stahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Tamara","family":"Sumner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"27968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"S026988890000031X_ref021","volume-title":"Design at Work: Cooperative Design of Computer Systems","author":"Greenbaum","year":"1991"},{"key":"S026988890000031X_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/97243.97272"},{"key":"S026988890000031X_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327051hci0603&4_7"},{"key":"S026988890000031X_ref012","volume-title":"Creativity in Cognition","author":"Fischer","year":"1993"},{"key":"S026988890000031X_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/KBSE.1992.252920"},{"key":"S026988890000031X_ref008","first-page":"177","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 10th International Joint Conference of Artificial Intelligence","author":"Fischer","year":"1987"},{"key":"S026988890000031X_ref006","first-page":"182","volume-title":"Proceedings of INTERACT'84, IFIP Conference on Human-Computer Interaction","author":"Draper","year":"1984"},{"key":"S026988890000031X_ref002","first-page":"599","volume-title":"Rule-Based Expert Systems: The MYCIN Experiments of the Stanford Heuristic Programming Project","author":"Buchanan","year":"1984"},{"key":"S026988890000031X_ref010","first-page":"165","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on the Learning Sciences","author":"Fischer","year":"1991"},{"key":"S026988890000031X_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/317456.317487"},{"key":"S026988890000031X_ref031","volume-title":"The Tacit Dimension","author":"Polanyi","year":"1966"},{"key":"S026988890000031X_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hackman JR and Kaplan RE , 1974. \u201cInterventions into group process: An approach to improving the effectiveness of groups\u201d 5 459\u2013480.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-5915.1974.tb00631.x"},{"key":"S026988890000031X_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/123078.128727"},{"key":"S026988890000031X_ref030","volume-title":"To Engineer is Human: The Role of Failure in Successful Design","author":"Petroski","year":"1985"},{"key":"S026988890000031X_ref032","volume-title":"Conjectures and Refutations","author":"Popper","year":"1965"},{"key":"S026988890000031X_ref027","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Conference on Architecture at the International Congress on Planning and Design Theory (New York)","author":"McCall","year":"1987"},{"key":"S026988890000031X_ref029","volume-title":"Things That Make Us Smart","author":"Norman","year":"1993"},{"key":"S026988890000031X_ref037","volume-title":"The Reflective Practitioner: How Professionals Think in Action","author":"Schoen","year":"1983"},{"key":"S026988890000031X_ref019","first-page":"67","volume-title":"Proceedings of AAAI-91, Ninth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence","author":"Fischer","year":"1991"},{"key":"S026988890000031X_ref026","first-page":"479","volume-title":"Proceedings of AAAI-90, Eighth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence","author":"Lemke","year":"1990"},{"key":"S026988890000031X_ref020","unstructured":"Girgensohn A , 1992. End-User Modifiability in Knowledge-Based Design Environments, Unpublished Ph.D Dissertation, Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado at Boulder. (Also available as TechReport CU\u2013CS\u2013595\u201392.)"},{"key":"S026988890000031X_ref023","volume-title":"Groupware: Computer Support for Business Teams","author":"Johansen","year":"1988"},{"key":"S026988890000031X_ref024","unstructured":"Kolodner J , 1991. \u201cImproving human decision making through case-based decision aiding\u201d 12 (2) 52\u201368."},{"key":"S026988890000031X_ref039","volume-title":"The Sciences of the Artificial","author":"Simon","year":"1981"},{"key":"S026988890000031X_ref007","volume-title":"Work-Oriented Design of Computer Artifacts","author":"Ehn","year":"1989"},{"key":"S026988890000031X_ref028","unstructured":"Nakakoji K , 1993. 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