{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T00:52:53Z","timestamp":1773967973882,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Maximum Academic Press","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,7]],"date-time":"2009-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1246924800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":8072,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Knowledge Engineering Review"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1987,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This paper reviews many of the very varied concepts of uncertainty used in AI. Because of their great popularity and generality \u201cparallel certainty inference\u201d techniques, so-called, are prominently in the foreground. We illustrate and comment in detail on three of these techniques; Bayes' theory (section 2); Dempster-Shafer theory (section 3); Cohen's model of endorsements (section 4), and give an account of the debate that has arisen around each of them. Techniques of a different kind (such as Zadeh's fuzzy-sets, fuzzy-logic theory, and the use of non-standard logics and methods that manage uncertainty without explicitly dealing with it) may be seen in the background (section 5).<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>The discussion of technicalities is accompanied by a historical and philosophical excursion on the nature and the use of uncertainty (section 1), and by a brief discussion of the problem of choosing an adequate AI approach to the treatment of uncertainty (section 6). The aim of the paper is to highlight the complex nature of uncertainty and to argue for an open-minded attitude towards its representation and use. In this spirit the pros and cons of uncertainty treatment techniques are presented in order to reflect the various uncertainty types. A guide to the literature in the field, and an extensive bibliography are appended.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0269888900000795","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,7]],"date-time":"2009-07-07T09:37:32Z","timestamp":1246959452000},"page":"75-97","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["An AI view of the treatment of uncertainty"],"prefix":"10.48130","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Saffiotti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"27968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0269888900000795_ref042","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/ss\/1177013427"},{"key":"S0269888900000795_ref040","unstructured":"Levesque H.J. (1984). \u201cA Logic of Implicit and Explicit Belief.\u201d National Conf. on Art. Int., AAAI, Austin, Texas, 198\u2013202."},{"key":"S0269888900000795_ref039","unstructured":"Khan N.A. and Jain R. (1985). \u201cUncertainty Management in a Distributed Knowledge Based System,\u201d in Proc. of 9th IJCAI, Los Angeles, California."},{"key":"S0269888900000795_ref045","unstructured":"Lu S.Y. and Stephanou H.E. (1984). \u201cA Set-Theoretic Framework for the Processing of Uncertain Knowledge.\u201d Proc. of National Conf. on Art. Int., AAAI, Austin, Texas, 216\u2013221."},{"key":"S0269888900000795_ref037","unstructured":"Ishizuka M. , Fu K.S. and Yao J.T.P. (1981). \u201cInexact Inference for Rule-Based damage Assessment of Existing Structures.\u201d Proc. of the 7th IJCAI, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada."},{"key":"S0269888900000795_ref041","volume-title":"Making Decisions","author":"Lindley","year":"1971"},{"key":"S0269888900000795_ref073","volume-title":"Fuzzy Reasoning and its Applications","author":"Zadeh","year":"1981"},{"key":"S0269888900000795_ref033","unstructured":"Halpern J.Y. and McAllester D.A. (1984). \u201cLikelihood, Probability and Knowledge,\u201d in Proc. of 1st National Conf. on Art. Int., AAAI, Austin, Texas."},{"key":"S0269888900000795_ref066","unstructured":"Umano M. , Mizumoto M. and Tanaka K. (1979). \u201cA System for Fuzzy Reasoning.\u201d Proc. of 6th IJCAI, Tokyo, Japan, 917\u2013919."},{"key":"S0269888900000795_ref032","volume-title":"The Emergence of Probability","author":"Hacking","year":"1975"},{"key":"S0269888900000795_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1499799.1499946"},{"key":"S0269888900000795_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1499799.1499947"},{"key":"S0269888900000795_ref028","unstructured":"Garvey T.D. , Lowrance J.D. and Fischler M.A. (1981). \u201cAn Inference Technique for Integrating Knowledge from Disparate Sources.\u201d Proc. of the 7th IJCAI, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada."},{"key":"S0269888900000795_ref027","unstructured":"Garbolino P. (1986). \u201cA Comparison of some Rules for Probabilistic Reasoning.\u201d Workshop on I.D.S.S. for Plant Operation, J.R.C., Ispra."},{"key":"S0269888900000795_ref047","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(86)90027-5"},{"key":"S0269888900000795_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(77)80042-4"},{"key":"S0269888900000795_ref018","unstructured":"Dubois D. and Prade H. (1986). \u201cA Tentative Comparison of Numerical Approximate Reasoning Methodologies\u201d, Workshop on IDSS for Plant Operation, CCE, Ispra, 1986."},{"key":"S0269888900000795_ref024","first-page":"199","volume-title":"Modelling Cognition","author":"Fox","year":"1987"},{"key":"S0269888900000795_ref031","unstructured":"Gordon J. and Shortliffe E.H. (1984). \u201cThe Dempster-Shafer Theory of Evidence,\u201d in Buchanan-Shortliffe, ch. 13."},{"key":"S0269888900000795_ref003","unstructured":"Barnett J.A. (1981). \u201cComputational Methods for a Mathematical Theory of Evidence.\u201d Proc. of the 7th IJCAI, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada."},{"key":"S0269888900000795_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/0025-5564(75)90047-4","article-title":"A Model of Inexact Reasoning in Medicine","volume":"23","author":"Buchanan","year":"1975","journal-title":"Mathematical Biosciences"},{"key":"S0269888900000795_ref035","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(87)90093-2"},{"key":"S0269888900000795_ref075","unstructured":"Zadeh L.A. (1985). \u201cSyllogistic Reasoning as a Basis for Combining Evidence in Expert Systems.\u201d Proc. of the 9th IJCAI, Los Angeles, California."},{"key":"S0269888900000795_ref050","unstructured":"Prade H. (1983). \u201cA Synthetic View of Approximate Reasoning Techniques.\u201d Proc. of 8th IJCAI, Karlsruhe, West Germany, 130\u2013136."},{"key":"S0269888900000795_ref010","unstructured":"Cohen P.R. (1984). \u201cProgress Report on the Theory of Endorsements: A Heuristic Approach to Reasoning About Uncertainty.\u201d IEEE Proc. of Workshop on Principles of Knowledge-Based Systems, Denver, Colorado."},{"key":"S0269888900000795_ref001","article-title":"Probabilistic Reasoning and Certainty Factors","volume":"32","author":"Adams","year":"1976","journal-title":"Mathematical Biosciences"},{"key":"S0269888900000795_ref048","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(81)90011-4"},{"key":"S0269888900000795_ref046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(86)90031-7"},{"key":"S0269888900000795_ref002","unstructured":"Barbuti R. and Salibra A. 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(1985). \u201cCombination and Propagation of Certainty With Belief Functions\u2013a reexaminaron,\u201d in Proc. of 9th IJCAI, Los Angeles, California."}],"container-title":["The Knowledge Engineering Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0269888900000795","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T14:42:00Z","timestamp":1767624120000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0269888900000795\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1987,6]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1987,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S0269888900000795"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0269888900000795","relation":{},"ISSN":["0269-8889","1469-8005"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0269-8889","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8005","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1987,6]]}}}