{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T18:27:34Z","timestamp":1767637654039,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Maximum Academic Press","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,7]],"date-time":"2009-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1246924800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":7889,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Knowledge Engineering Review"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1987,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>It is often claimed that it is easy to write expert systems. This claim was examined by monitoring experienced programmers learning to use the S.I knowledge engineering tool. Their achievements and difficulties were examined using a framework that has emerged from previous research into novices learning to use standard programming languages. Even though the experienced programmers all had several years' experience of programming in more than one standard language, there were similarities between their difficulties in learning to use S.I and the difficulties of complete novices learning to program in standard languages.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The experienced programmers were however able to overcome their initial difficulties fairly quickly, but it is argued that complete novices would not find it so easy to do so. Also the experienced programmers\n                    <jats:italic>did<\/jats:italic>\n                    take time to develop a repertoire of schemeta for representing different kinds of factual, judgemental and procedural knowledge. It was concluded that in S.1, as with other programming languages and softwares tools, it is easy to learn how to do simple things, but difficult, even for experienced programmers to learn how to do more complex things.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>No criticism of S.1 is implied. S.1 was found to be a suitable vehicle for introducing non-trivial knowledge engineering concepts, and we believe that similar difficulties would occur in learning to use other knowledge engineering tools.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s026988890000415x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,7]],"date-time":"2009-07-07T09:37:13Z","timestamp":1246959433000},"page":"265-276","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Learning to use the S.1 knowledge engineering tool"],"prefix":"10.48130","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"R.D.","family":"Ward","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Sleeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"27968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"S026988890000415X_ref006","first-page":"113","volume-title":"Human Factors in Computer Systems","author":"Ehrlich","year":"1984"},{"volume-title":"Getting Started with the S.1 Knowledge Engineering Tool","year":"1987","author":"Ward","key":"S026988890000415X_ref014"},{"key":"S026988890000415X_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.2190\/FGN9-DJ2F-86V8-3FAU","article-title":"A summary of misconceptions of high school basic programmers","volume":"2","author":"Putman","year":"1986","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Computing Research"},{"key":"S026988890000415X_ref013","article-title":"Special issue on Novice Programmers","volume":"2","author":"Sleeman","year":"1986","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Computing Research"},{"key":"S026988890000415X_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lan M S , Panos R R and Balban M S , 1988. \u201cThe Press Lineup Advisor: An Expert System for Newspaper Printing Press Configuration\u201d The Knowledge Engineering Review (this issue).","DOI":"10.1017\/S0269888900004161"},{"volume-title":"Artificial Intelligence and Education: Learning environments and intelligent tutoring systems","year":"1987","author":"du Boulay","key":"S026988890000415X_ref004"},{"volume-title":"Computer-based medical consultations: MYCIN","year":"1976","author":"Shortliffe","key":"S026988890000415X_ref011"},{"key":"S026988890000415X_ref001","unstructured":"d'Agapeyeff A , 1985. Interviewed in Computing the Magazine, 20 06 1985, p. 31."},{"key":"S026988890000415X_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kinzer C , Littlefield J , Delclos V R and Bransford J D , 1985. \u201cDifferent LOGO learning environments and mastery: relationships between engagement and learning\u201d Computers in the Schools pp. 33\u201343.","DOI":"10.1300\/J025v02n02_05"},{"key":"S026988890000415X_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2190\/3LFX-9RRF-67T8-UVK9"},{"key":"S026988890000415X_ref005","unstructured":"Dale F , 1985. \u201cGetting to grips with an expert\u201d Computer Systems, 12 1985 pp. 31\u201335."},{"key":"S026988890000415X_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2190\/2XPP-LTYH-98NQ-BU77"},{"volume-title":"Software psychology","year":"1980","author":"Shneiderman","key":"S026988890000415X_ref010"},{"key":"S026988890000415X_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01449298408901742"}],"container-title":["The Knowledge Engineering Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S026988890000415X","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T14:41:58Z","timestamp":1767624118000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S026988890000415X\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1987,12]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1987,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S026988890000415X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s026988890000415x","relation":{},"ISSN":["0269-8889","1469-8005"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0269-8889"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1469-8005"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1987,12]]}}}