{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T18:29:07Z","timestamp":1767637747659,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":112,"publisher":"Maximum Academic Press","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,7]],"date-time":"2009-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1246924800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":7249,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Knowledge Engineering Review"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1989,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    First-generation expert systems have significant limitations, often attributed to their not being sufficiently\n                    <jats:italic>deep<\/jats:italic>\n                    . However, a generally accepted answer to \u201cWhat is a deep expert system?\u201d is still to be given. To answer this question one needs to answer \u201cWhy do first-generation systems exhibit the limitations they do?\u201d thus identifying what is missing from first-generation systems and therefore setting the design objectives for second-generation (i.e. deep) systems. Several second-generation architectures have been proposed; inherent in each of these architectures is a definition of deepness. Some of the proposed architectures have been designed with the objective of alleviating a subset, rather than the whole set, of the first-generation limitations. Such approaches are prone to local, non-robust solutions. In this paper we analyze the limitations (under the categories: human-computer interaction, problem-solving flexibility, and extensibility) of the first-generation expert systems thus setting design goals for second-generation systems. On the basis of this analysis proposed second-generation architectures are reviewed and compared. The paper concludes by presenting requirements for a generic second-generation architecture.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0269888900005038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,7]],"date-time":"2009-07-07T09:36:20Z","timestamp":1246959380000},"page":"205-233","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["What is a deep expert system? An analysis of the architectural requirements of second-generation expert systems"],"prefix":"10.48130","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"E. 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