{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T18:29:23Z","timestamp":1767637763295,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Maximum Academic Press","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,7]],"date-time":"2009-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1246924800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":6793,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Knowledge Engineering Review"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1990,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Expert systems technology has been around for a long time, becoming increasingly easy to use, inexpensive and reliable in recent years. It would seem to provide an ideal vehicle for the dissemination of expertise in developing countries, particularly in the field of medicine, which was the focus of much early work in diagnostic systems. Despite the apparent match of a real problem and a credible solution, however, remarkably few AI systems for medicine in developing countries have been researched, designed and implemented. This paper addresses why this might be the case, reviews some of the extant systems and explores some of the design issues. Particular emphasis is placed on the question of \u201cAppropriate Technology\u201d. Various criteria for Appropriate Technology are explored, and an optimal set used to guide principles of design. It is argued that medical AI systems can satisfy these criteria, provided that sufficient care is taken in their design for the country of application.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0269888900005488","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,7]],"date-time":"2009-07-07T09:35:30Z","timestamp":1246959330000},"page":"251-263","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Medical AI systems as appropriate technology for developing countries"],"prefix":"10.48130","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Kathleen","family":"King","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Howard","family":"Beck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"27968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,7]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"Technical Report","year":"1988","key":"S0269888900005488_ref021"},{"key":"S0269888900005488_ref020","unstructured":"WHO, 1978. \u201cPrimary health care: report on the international conference on primary health care\u201d. Alma Ata USSR 1978. Health for All Series 1."},{"key":"S0269888900005488_ref001","unstructured":"Aegerter P , Auvert B , Gilbos V , Desve G , Benillouche E , Landre MF and Bos D , 1987. \u201cA computer-assisted instruction system designed for rural health workers in developing countries\u201d. In: Proceedings of Conference on Medical Informatics in Europe 1987. Rome."},{"volume-title":"Diagnostic Pathways in Clinical Medicine","year":"1980","author":"Essex","key":"S0269888900005488_ref009"},{"volume-title":"Appropriate Technology Directory","year":"1979","author":"Jequier","key":"S0269888900005488_ref010"},{"volume-title":"Readings in Medical Artificial Intelligence: The First Decade","year":"1984","author":"Clancey","key":"S0269888900005488_ref006"},{"volume-title":"Applied Technology for Developing Countries","year":"1977","author":"Eckhaus","key":"S0269888900005488_ref008"},{"key":"S0269888900005488_ref014","unstructured":"Ostroff JH , Dawson CR , Kastner JK , Weiss SM , Kulikowski CA and Kern KB , 1986. \u201cPreliminary results from field testing of an expert advisory system for primary eye care in developing countries\u201d. In: AI and Advanced Computer Technology, Proceedings of the 2nd Conference. Illinois:Wheaton."},{"key":"S0269888900005488_ref002","volume-title":"MEDINFO","volume":"86","author":"Auvert","year":"1986"},{"key":"S0269888900005488_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-4825(80)90024-4"},{"key":"S0269888900005488_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-4809(86)90008-X"},{"key":"S0269888900005488_ref004","unstructured":"Briggs BR , Lavett SL , Pistorius JG , van den Berg ADP , Prax M and de Klerk JN . \u201cSASEP a computerised diagnostic program\u201d. Unpublished paper."},{"volume-title":"Appropriate Technology: Articles from the British Medical Journal","year":"1985","key":"S0269888900005488_ref005"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the Regional Symposium on Computer Science and its Applications","year":"1987","author":"Eamsiri","key":"S0269888900005488_ref007"},{"key":"S0269888900005488_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02285251"},{"volume-title":"Technical Report 88\u201301","year":"1988","author":"Machanik","key":"S0269888900005488_ref012"},{"key":"S0269888900005488_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198208193070803"},{"key":"S0269888900005488_ref016","article-title":"A decision support system for village health workers in developing countries","volume":"2","author":"Perenta","year":"1988","journal-title":"Applied Artificial Intelligence"},{"volume-title":"Expert Systems in the Microelectronic Age","year":"1979","author":"Quinlan","key":"S0269888900005488_ref017"},{"key":"S0269888900005488_ref018","volume-title":"MEDINFO","volume":"83","author":"Trappl","year":"1983"},{"key":"S0269888900005488_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.297.6652.841"}],"container-title":["The Knowledge Engineering Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0269888900005488","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T14:42:13Z","timestamp":1767624133000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0269888900005488\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1990,12]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1990,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S0269888900005488"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0269888900005488","relation":{},"ISSN":["0269-8889","1469-8005"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0269-8889"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1469-8005"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1990,12]]}}}