{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T00:22:07Z","timestamp":1773274927872,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Maximum Academic Press","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,7]],"date-time":"2009-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1246924800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":6337,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Knowledge Engineering Review"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1992,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In recent years there has been a growing interest among AI researchers in probabilistic and decision modelling, spurred by significant advances in representation and computation with network modelling formalisms. In applying these techniques to decision support tasks, fixed network models have proven to be inadequately expressive when a broad range of situations must be handled. Hence many researchers have sought to combine the strengths of flexible knowledge representation languages with the normative status and well-understood computational properties of decision-modelling formalisms and algorithms. One approach is to encode general knowledge in an expressive language, then dynamically construct a decision model for each particular situation or problem instance. We have developed several systems adopting this approach, which illustrate a variety of interesting techniques and design issues.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0269888900006147","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,7]],"date-time":"2009-07-07T09:34:57Z","timestamp":1246959297000},"page":"35-53","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":105,"title":["From knowledge bases to decision models"],"prefix":"10.48130","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Michael P.","family":"Wellman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John S.","family":"Breese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert P.","family":"Goldman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"27968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0269888900006147_ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leong TY , 1991. \u201cRepresentation requirements for supporting decision model formulation\u201d in: Proceedings of the Seventh Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence, Los Angeles, CA, 212\u2013219.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-55860-203-8.50031-0"},{"key":"S0269888900006147_ref012","unstructured":"Geiger D , Paz A and Pearl J , 1990. \u201cLearning causal trees from dependence information\u201d in: Proceedings of the National Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Boston, MA, 770\u2013776."},{"key":"S0269888900006147_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S026988890000521X"},{"key":"S0269888900006147_ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Provan GMA , 1991. \u201cDynamic network updating techniques for diagnostic reasoning\u201d in: Proceedings of the Seventh Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence, Los Angeles, CA, 279\u2013286.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-55860-203-8.50040-1"},{"key":"S0269888900006147_ref032","unstructured":"Keeney RL , 1986. \u201cIdentifying and structuring values\u201d Decision analysis series report, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 12."},{"key":"S0269888900006147_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/inte.16.2.52"},{"key":"S0269888900006147_ref022","unstructured":"Heckerman DE , Horvitz EJ and Nathwani BN , \u201cToward normative expert systems: The Pathfinder project\u201d Methods of Information in Medicine (to appear)."},{"key":"S0269888900006147_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.1984.4767596"},{"key":"S0269888900006147_ref027","unstructured":"Horvitz EJ , 1988. Reasoning under varying and uncertain resource constraints\u201d in: Proceedings of the National Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 111\u2013116."},{"key":"S0269888900006147_ref062","unstructured":"Wellman MP , 1986. \u201cRepresenting health outcomes for automated decision formulation\u201d in: Salamon, R, Blum, B and J\u00f8rgensen, M, eds., MEDINFO 86: Proceedings of the Fifth Conference on Medical Informatics, 789\u2013793, Washington,October."},{"key":"S0269888900006147_ref015","unstructured":"Goldman RP , 1990. \u201cA probabilistic approach to language understanding\u201d Technical Report CS\u201390\u201334, Brown University Department of Computer Science, 12."},{"key":"S0269888900006147_ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Poole D , 1991. \u201cRepresenting Bayesian networks within probabilistic Horn abduction\u201d in: Proceedings of the Seventh Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence, Los Angeles, CA, 271\u2013278.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-55860-203-8.50039-5"},{"key":"S0269888900006147_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(90)90019-V"},{"key":"S0269888900006147_ref009","unstructured":"Dean T and Boddy M , 1988. \u201cAn analysis of time-dependent planning\u201d in: Proceedings of the National Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 49\u201354."},{"key":"S0269888900006147_ref003","unstructured":"Breese JS , 1990. Construction of belief and decision networks, Technical Memorandum 30, Rockwell International Science Center, Palo Alto, CA, January. To appear in Computational Intelligence."},{"key":"S0269888900006147_ref002","unstructured":"Breese JS and Horvitz EJ , 1990. \u201cIdeal reformulation of belief networks\u201d in: Proceedings of the Sixth Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence, Cambridge, MA, July, 64\u201372."},{"key":"S0269888900006147_ref014","unstructured":"Goldman RP and Charniak E , 1990. \u201cDynamic construction of belief networks\u201d in: Proceedings of the Sixth Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence, Cambridge, MA, 90\u201397."},{"key":"S0269888900006147_ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/2474.001.0001","volume-title":"Do the Right Thing: Studies in Limited Rationality","author":"Russell","year":"1991"},{"key":"S0269888900006147_ref057","volume-title":"Readings in Qualitative Reasoning About Physical Systems","author":"Weld","year":"1989"},{"key":"S0269888900006147_ref029","volume-title":"The Principles and Applications of Decision Analysis","author":"Howard","year":"1984"},{"key":"S0269888900006147_ref020","unstructured":"Hanks SJ , 1990. \u201cProjecting plans for uncertain worlds\u201d Technical Report YALEU\/CSD\/RR 756, Yale University Department of Computer Science, 01."},{"key":"S0269888900006147_ref045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(80)90003-X"},{"key":"S0269888900006147_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cooper GF and Herskovits E , 1991. \u201cA Bayesian method for constructing Bayesian belief networks from databases\u201d in: Proceedings of the Seventh Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence, Los Angeles, CA, 86\u201394.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-55860-203-8.50015-2"},{"key":"S0269888900006147_ref043","first-page":"33","article-title":"Conditional independence and its representations","volume":"25","author":"Pearl","year":"1989","journal-title":"Kybernetika"},{"key":"S0269888900006147_ref005","volume-title":"Introduction to Artificial Intelligence","author":"Charniak","year":"1985"},{"key":"S0269888900006147_ref058","unstructured":"Weld DS , 1991. \u201cReasoning about model accuracy\u201d Technical Report 91\u201305\u201302, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington, 06."},{"key":"S0269888900006147_ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laskey KB , 1991. \u201cConflict and surprise: Heuristics for model revision\u201d in: Proceedings of the Seventh Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence, Los Angeles, CA, 197\u2013204.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-55860-203-8.50029-2"},{"key":"S0269888900006147_ref001","volume-title":"Representing and Reasoning with Probabilistic Knowledge: A Logical Approach to Probabilities","author":"Bacchus","year":"1990"},{"key":"S0269888900006147_ref036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0269888900005208"},{"key":"S0269888900006147_ref016","unstructured":"Haddawy P and Hanks S , 1990. \u201cIssues in decision-theoretic planning: Symbolic goals and numeric utilities\u201d in: Proceedings of the DARPA Workshop on Innovative Approaches to Planning, Scheduling, and Control, 48\u201358."},{"key":"S0269888900006147_ref028","unstructured":"Howard RA and Matheson JE , 1984b. \u201cInfluence diagrams\u201d in: The Principles and Applications of Decision Analysis, 719\u2013762."},{"key":"S0269888900006147_ref052","volume-title":"The Foundations of Statistics","author":"Savage","year":"1972"},{"key":"S0269888900006147_ref023","unstructured":"Henrion M and Druzdzel MJ , 1990. \u201cQualitative propagation and scenario-based approaches to explanation of probabilistic reasoning\u201d in: Proceedings of the Sixth Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial intelligence, Cambridge, MA, 10\u201320."},{"key":"S0269888900006147_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0888-613X(88)90120-X"},{"key":"S0269888900006147_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hobbs JR , Stickel M , Martin P and Edwards D , 1988. \u201cInterpretation as abduction\u201d in: Proceedings of the 26th Annual Meeting of the ACL, 95\u2013103.","DOI":"10.3115\/982023.982035"},{"key":"S0269888900006147_ref018","unstructured":"Haddawy P , 1991. \u201cA temporal probability logic for representing actions\u201d in: Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning: Proceedings of the Second International Conference, 313\u2013324."},{"key":"S0269888900006147_ref044","volume-title":"Probabilistic Reasoning in Intelligent Systems: Networks of Plausible Inference","author":"Pearl","year":"1988"},{"key":"S0269888900006147_ref021","unstructured":"Hansson O , Mayer A and Russell S , 1990. \u201cDecision-theoretic planning in BPS\u201d in: AAAI Symposium on Planning in Uncertain, Unpredictable, or Changing Environments (Available as report 90\u201345, University of Maryland Systems Research Center)."},{"key":"S0269888900006147_ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-2217(89)90415-3","volume-title":"Intelligent Decision Systems","author":"Holtzman","year":"1989"},{"key":"S0269888900006147_ref056","unstructured":"Vilain MB , 1985. \u201cThe restricted language architecture of a hybrid representation system\u201d in: Proceedings of the Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 547\u2013551."},{"key":"S0269888900006147_ref064","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(90)90026-V"},{"key":"S0269888900006147_ref011","volume-title":"Decision Support Systems and Qualitative Reasoning","author":"Fox","year":"1991"},{"key":"S0269888900006147_ref030","unstructured":"Kanazawa K , 1991. \u201cA logic and time nets for probabilistic inference\u201d in: Proceedings of the National Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Anaheim, CA, 360\u2013365."},{"key":"S0269888900006147_ref054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/opre.36.4.589"},{"key":"S0269888900006147_ref031","volume-title":"Decisions with Multiple Objectives: Preferences and Value Tradeoffs","author":"Keeney","year":"1976"},{"key":"S0269888900006147_ref033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989X8800800410"},{"key":"S0269888900006147_ref037","unstructured":"Leong TY , 1991. \u201cKnowledge representation for supporting decision model formulation in medicine\u201d Technical Report 504, MIT Laboratory for Computer Science, Cambridge, MA, 05."},{"key":"S0269888900006147_ref053","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/opre.34.6.871"},{"key":"S0269888900006147_ref034","unstructured":"Laskey KB , 1990. \u201cA probabilistic reasoning environment\u201d in: Proceedings of the Sixth Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence, Cambridge, MA, 415\u2013422."},{"key":"S0269888900006147_ref039","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-88650-7.50036-6"},{"key":"S0269888900006147_ref040","unstructured":"Loui RP , 1989. \u201cDefeasible decisions: What the proposal is and isn't\u201d in: Proceedings of the Workshop on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence, Windsor, ON, 245\u2013252."},{"key":"S0269888900006147_ref041","unstructured":"Nayak PP , Joskowicz L and Addanki S , 1991. \u201cAutomated model selection using context-dependent behaviors\u201d in: Fifth International Workshop on Qualitative Physics, Austin, TX, May."},{"key":"S0269888900006147_ref042","volume-title":"Probabilistic Reasoning in Expert Systems: Theory and Algorithms","author":"Neapolitan","year":"1990"},{"key":"S0269888900006147_ref048","volume-title":"Decision Analysis: Introductory Lectures on Choices Under Uncertainty","author":"Raiffa","year":"1968"},{"key":"S0269888900006147_ref006","volume-title":"Contemporary Issues in Decision Making","author":"Clark","year":"1990"},{"key":"S0269888900006147_ref049","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(87)90062-2"},{"key":"S0269888900006147_ref051","unstructured":"Saffiotti A , 1990. \u201cA hybrid framework for representing uncertain knowledge\u201d in: Proceedings of the National Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Boston, MA, 653\u2013658."},{"key":"S0269888900006147_ref055","unstructured":"Smith DE , 1988. \u201cA decision-theoretic approach to the control of planning search\u201d Technical Report LOGIC-87\u201311, Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, 01."},{"key":"S0269888900006147_ref059","unstructured":"Wellman MP and Doyle J , 1991. \u201cPreferential semantics for goals\u201d in: Proceedings of the National Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Anaheim, CA, 698\u2013703."},{"key":"S0269888900006147_ref063","volume-title":"Formulation of Tradeoffs in Planning Under Uncertainty","author":"Wellman","year":"1990"},{"key":"S0269888900006147_ref060","unstructured":"Wellman MP and Henrion M , 1991. \u201cQualitative intercausal relations, or Explaining \u2018explaining away\u2019\u201d in: Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning: Proceedings of the Second International Conference, 535\u2013546."},{"key":"S0269888900006147_ref061","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989X8900900407"},{"key":"S0269888900006147_ref065","unstructured":"Yen J and Bonissone PP , 1990. \u201cExtending term subsumption systems for uncertainty management\u201d in: Proceedings of the Sixth Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence, Cambridge, MA, 468\u2013473."},{"key":"S0269888900006147_ref008","unstructured":"D'Ambrosio B and Fehling M , 1989. \u201cResource-bounded agents in an uncertain world\u201d in: AAAI Spring Symposium on Artificial Intelligence and Limited Rationality, 13\u201317."},{"key":"S0269888900006147_ref010","unstructured":"Fertig KW and Breese JS , 1989. \u201cInterval influence diagrams\u201d in: Proceedings of the Workshop on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence, Windsor, ON, 102\u2013111."}],"container-title":["The Knowledge Engineering Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0269888900006147","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T14:42:27Z","timestamp":1767624147000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0269888900006147\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1992,3]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1992,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S0269888900006147"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0269888900006147","relation":{},"ISSN":["0269-8889","1469-8005"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0269-8889","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8005","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1992,3]]}}}