{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T18:55:58Z","timestamp":1769194558781,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Maximum Academic Press","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,7]],"date-time":"2009-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1246924800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":6245,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Knowledge Engineering Review"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1992,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This paper surveys the verification of expert system knowledge bases by detecting anomalies. Such anomalies are highly indicative of errors in the knowledge base. The paper is in two parts. The first part describes four types of anomaly: redundancy, ambivalence, circularity, and deficiency. We consider rule bases which are based on first-order logic, and explain the anomalies in terms of the syntax and semantics of logic. The second part presents a review of five programs which have been built to detect various subsets of the anomalies. The four anomalies provide a framework for comparing the capabilities of the five tools, and we highlight the strengths and weaknesses of each approach. This paper therefore provides not only a set of underlying principles for performing knowledge base verification through anomaly detection, but also a survey of the state-of-the-art in building practical tools for carrying out such verification. The reader of this paper is expected to be familiar with first-order logic.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s026988890000624x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,7]],"date-time":"2009-07-07T09:34:55Z","timestamp":1246959295000},"page":"115-141","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Principles and practice in verifying rule-based systems"],"prefix":"10.48130","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Alun D.","family":"Preece","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rajjan","family":"Shinghal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A\u00efda","family":"Batarekh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"27968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"S026988890000624X_ref022","first-page":"66","volume-title":"Research and Development in Expert Systems VI: Proc. 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IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/TAI.1990.130437"},{"key":"S026988890000624X_ref028","unstructured":"Stachowitz RA and Combs JB , 1987, \u201cValidation of expert systems\u201d In: Proc. 20th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, volume 1, pp 686\u2013695."},{"key":"S026988890000624X_ref021","first-page":"353","volume-title":"Topics in Expert System Design","author":"Perkins","year":"1989"},{"key":"S026988890000624X_ref015","volume-title":"Introduction to Mathematical Logic","author":"Mendelson","year":"1979"},{"key":"S026988890000624X_ref025","article-title":"Verifying expert systems: a logical framework and a practical tool","volume":"4","author":"Preece","year":"1992","journal-title":"Expert Systems with Applications"},{"key":"S026988890000624X_ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stachowitz RA , Combs JB and Chang CL , 1987, \u201cValidation of knowledge-based systems\u201d In: Proc. 2nd AIAA\/NASA\/USAF Symposium on Automation, Robotics and Advanced Computing for the National Space Program, pp 1\u201310. 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