{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T23:35:42Z","timestamp":1776296142311,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Maximum Academic Press","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,7]],"date-time":"2009-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1246924800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":6153,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Knowledge Engineering Review"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1992,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Designing is a skill central to many human tasks. Designers are constantly producing newer and better artifacts, generating innovative solutions to problems in our world. This paper looks at innovation, and research that is aimed at developing theories and methodologies for innovative design. We view design as a process of\n                    <jats:italic>association<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>exploration<\/jats:italic>\n                    . These two approaches are fundamental to innovation. The aim of exploration is to generate a large variety of design alternatives by breaking away from the norms by looking in unlikely places, and by relaxing binding constraints. Exploration exposes possibilities that would not normally h\u00e2ve been considered, possibilities that may serendipitously lead to innovative solutions. Association, on the other hand, attempts to exploit previous design experiences in a new design context. This is donc by recognizing useful analogies that can help in synthesizing parts of a design, recognizing unforeseen problems, and discovering opportunities. This paper is the first part of a two-part paper that presents and discusses a variety of association and exploration methods. This part examines association-based techniques, some of which have been used in actual design Systems, and others that point to the solution of some open questions in design research. We develop these ideas by examining connections between design research and other disciplines such as cognitive psychology, artificial intelligence, the history of science, and the creativity literature.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0269888900006342","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,7]],"date-time":"2009-07-07T09:34:48Z","timestamp":1246959288000},"page":"183-213","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Innovative design Systems, where are we and where do we go from here? Part I: Design by association"],"prefix":"10.48130","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"D.","family":"Navin Chandra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"27968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0269888900006342_ref046","volume-title":"Expert Systems in Computer-Aided Design","author":"Maher","year":"1987"},{"key":"S0269888900006342_ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lozano-Perez T , 1983. \u201cSpatial planning: A configuration space approach\u201d IEEE Transactions on Computers C-32(2).","DOI":"10.1109\/TC.1983.1676196"},{"key":"S0269888900006342_ref064","volume-title":"Problem Solving through Creative Analysis","author":"Rickards","year":"1974"},{"key":"S0269888900006342_ref040","first-page":"233","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 1988 Case-Based Reasoning Workshop","author":"Kolodner","year":"1988"},{"key":"S0269888900006342_ref038","unstructured":"Kolodner JL , 1981. \u201cOrganization and retrieval in a conceptual memory for events\u201d In: Proceedings of the Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence."},{"key":"S0269888900006342_ref057","article-title":"A transformational approach to case based synthesis","volume":"5","author":"Navin chandra","year":"1991","journal-title":"AI EDAM"},{"key":"S0269888900006342_ref045","volume-title":"Using experience to plan the synthesis of new designs Technical Report","author":"Maher","year":"1986"},{"key":"S0269888900006342_ref036","volume-title":"The act of creation","author":"Koestler","year":"1984"},{"key":"S0269888900006342_ref059","volume-title":"Human Problem Solving","author":"Newell","year":"1972"},{"key":"S0269888900006342_ref035","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(71)90008-7"},{"key":"S0269888900006342_ref070","volume-title":"The Creative Attitude: Learning to ask and answer the right questions","author":"Schank","year":"1988"},{"key":"S0269888900006342_ref042","volume-title":"The structure of scientific revolutions","author":"Kuhn","year":"1970"},{"key":"S0269888900006342_ref074","volume-title":"A Domain Independent Model of Knowledge-Based Design","author":"Steinberg","year":"1986"},{"key":"S0269888900006342_ref079","unstructured":"Sycara K and Navin chandra D , 1991. \u201cIndex transformation techniques for facilitating creative use of multiple cases\u201d In: Proceedings of the twelth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence."},{"key":"S0269888900006342_ref028","unstructured":"Huhns MH , and Acosta RD , 1987. 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The Art of Thought Harcourt."},{"key":"S0269888900006342_ref087","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/359038.359042"},{"key":"S0269888900006342_ref090","unstructured":"Woodbury RF , 1989. \u201cDesign Genes\u201d In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Creative Design pp 133\u2013154"},{"key":"S0269888900006342_ref052","unstructured":"Murthy SS and Addanki S , 1987. \u201cPROMPT: An innovative design tool\u201d Fn: Proceedings of the sixth national conference on artificial intelligence pp 637\u2013642."}],"container-title":["The Knowledge Engineering Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0269888900006342","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T14:42:25Z","timestamp":1767624145000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0269888900006342\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1992,9]]},"references-count":90,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1992,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S0269888900006342"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0269888900006342","relation":{},"ISSN":["0269-8889","1469-8005"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0269-8889","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8005","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1992,9]]}}}