{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T18:29:05Z","timestamp":1767637745329,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Maximum Academic Press","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,7]],"date-time":"2009-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1246924800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":6062,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Knowledge Engineering Review"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1992,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Finance is a challenging yet appropriate domain for model-based reasoning, an area of research otherwise grounded in classical physics. Among the many features that suggest a model-based approach are that firms have formal internal structures, business entities have idealizable behaviours, and there is a history of formal analysis of business problems. This article discusses the motivations and foundations of the model-based approach, and surveys several existing artificial intelligence programs that exploit its advantages. The survey shows that there are ample opportunities for useful systems and significant research in this area. However, accomplishing either of these goals depends crucially upon moving beyond qualitative models based only on accounting information, which tend not to capture the actual complexities of the domain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0269888900006457","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,7]],"date-time":"2009-07-07T09:35:04Z","timestamp":1246959304000},"page":"323-343","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Model-based reasoning in financial domains"],"prefix":"10.48130","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Walter","family":"Hamscher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"27968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,7]]},"reference":[{"unstructured":"Williams BC , 1990. \u201cInteraction-based invention: Designing novel devices from first principles\u201d In: Proc. 8th National Conf. on Artificial Intelligence, 349\u2013356, Boston, MA, August.","key":"S0269888900006457_ref044"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"S0269888900006457_ref040","DOI":"10.2307\/1926643"},{"unstructured":"Hamscher WC , 1991b. \u201cModel-based financial data interpretation\u201d In: 1st Int. Conf. on AI Applications on Wall Street IEEE Press. (Also in: Working Notes of the Model-based Reasoning Workshop AAAI Press, 1991. And in: Working Notes of the 2nd International Workshop on Principles of Diagnosis Technical Report RT\/DI\/91\u201310\u20137, Dipartimento di Informatica, Universita di Torino, 1991.)","key":"S0269888900006457_ref024"},{"unstructured":"MiniScribe, 1989. Summary of Report of the Independent Evaluation Committee of the Board of Directors of MiniScribe Corporation. Exhibit provided in 8-K Disclosure, 09 12.","key":"S0269888900006457_ref037"},{"key":"S0269888900006457_ref036","first-page":"49","article-title":"Process models for design synthesis","volume":"11","author":"Maher","year":"1990","journal-title":"AI Magazine"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"S0269888900006457_ref013","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(87)90063-4"},{"volume-title":"The Rise of the Expert Company","year":"1988","author":"Feigenbaum","key":"S0269888900006457_ref020"},{"unstructured":"Weld DS and Addanki S , 1990. \u201cQuery-directed approximation.\u201d Technical Report 90\u201312\u201302, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, FR-35, University of Washington.","key":"S0269888900006457_ref041"},{"unstructured":"Hamscher WC , 1991a. \u201cACP: Reason maintenance and inference control for constraint propagation over intervals\u201d In: Proc. 9th National Conf. on Artificial Intelligence 506\u2013511, Anaheim, CA,July. (Also in WC Hamscher, J de Kleer and L Console (eds), 1992, Readings in Model-based Diagnosis Morgan Kaufmann.","key":"S0269888900006457_ref023"},{"volume-title":"Techniques of Financial Analysis","year":"1986","author":"Helfert","key":"S0269888900006457_ref028"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"S0269888900006457_ref019","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(91)90109-W"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"S0269888900006457_ref043","DOI":"10.2307\/2491263"},{"key":"S0269888900006457_ref045","article-title":"How pressure to Raise Sales Led MiniScribe to Falsify Numbers","volume":"1","author":"Zipser","year":"1989","journal-title":"Wall Street Journal"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"S0269888900006457_ref001","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(91)90110-6"},{"key":"S0269888900006457_ref002","first-page":"186","article-title":"TICOM and the analysis of internal controls \u201cThe Accounting Review\u201d","volume":"2","author":"Bailey","year":"1985","journal-title":"LX"},{"unstructured":"Bailey AD , Han KS , Stansifer RD and Whinston AB , 1989. \u201cThe advanced internal accounting control model using a logic programming approach\u201d Working Paper.","key":"S0269888900006457_ref003"},{"unstructured":"Bailey AD , Kiang Y , Kuipers B and Whinston AB , 1990. \u201cAnalytical review and qualitative and causal reasoning in auditing\u201d Draft.","key":"S0269888900006457_ref004"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"S0269888900006457_ref007","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.29.6.653"},{"volume-title":"Principles of Corporate Finance","year":"1981","author":"Brealey","key":"S0269888900006457_ref008"},{"unstructured":"Poole D , 1991. \u201cRepresenting diagnostic knowledge for probabilistic Horn abduction.\u201d In: Proc. 12th Int. Joint Conf. on Artificial Intelligence 1129\u20131135, Sydney, Australia, August. (Also in: WC Hamscher, J de Kleer and L Console (eds), 1992, Readings in Model-based Diagnosis Morgan Kaufmann.","key":"S0269888900006457_ref039"},{"unstructured":"de Kleer J and Williams BC , 1989. \u201cDiagnosis with behavioral modes\u201d. In: Proc. llth Int. Joint Conf. on Artificial Intelligence 1324\u20131330, Detroit, MI. (Also in WC Hamscher, J de Kleer and L Console (eds), 1992, Model-based Diagnosis Morgan Kaufmann.","key":"S0269888900006457_ref014"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bridgeland DM , 1990. \u201cThree qualitative simulation extensions for supporting economics models\u201d. In: Proc 6th IEEE Conf. on AI Applications 266\u2013273, Santa Barbara, CA.","key":"S0269888900006457_ref009","DOI":"10.1109\/CAIA.1990.89199"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"S0269888900006457_ref010","DOI":"10.1093\/logcom\/1.5.661"},{"volume-title":"Decision Support Systems and Qualitative Reasoning","year":"1991","author":"Daniels","key":"S0269888900006457_ref011"},{"volume-title":"Qualitative Reasoning about Physical Systems II","year":"1991","author":"de Kleer","key":"S0269888900006457_ref015"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"S0269888900006457_ref016","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(86)90080-9"},{"volume-title":"Introduction to Operations Research","year":"1980","author":"Hillier","key":"S0269888900006457_ref029"},{"volume-title":"Readings in Qualitative Reasoning about Physical Systems","year":"1990","author":"Weld","key":"S0269888900006457_ref042"},{"unstructured":"Hamscher WC , 1990. \u201cExplaining unexpected financial results\u201d Technical Report 11, Price Waterhouse Technology Centre, Menlo Park, CA 94025. (Also in Working Notes of the Spring Symposium on Automated Abduction, 96\u2013100, AAAI Press, 1990.)","key":"S0269888900006457_ref022"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elliott JW and Uphoff HL , 1972. \u201cPredicting the near term profit and loss statement with an econometric model: A feasibility study\u201d J. Accounting Research 259\u2013274, Autumn.","key":"S0269888900006457_ref018","DOI":"10.2307\/2490008"},{"volume-title":"Readings in Model-based Diagnosis","year":"1992","author":"Hamscher","key":"S0269888900006457_ref021"},{"key":"S0269888900006457_ref017","first-page":"57","article-title":"A knowledge based model of audit risk","volume":"9","author":"Dhar","year":"1988","journal-title":"AI Magazine"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"S0269888900006457_ref025","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(91)90112-W"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benaroch M and Dhar V , 1996. \u201cAn intelligent assistant for financial hedging\u201d. In: Proc. 7th IEEE Conf. on AI Applications 168\u2013174, Miami, FL.","key":"S0269888900006457_ref005","DOI":"10.1109\/CAIA.1991.120865"},{"unstructured":"Kaufman S , 1989. \u201cReport Finds Massive Fraud at Miniscribe\u201d San Jose Mercury News, 4D, 09 12.","key":"S0269888900006457_ref032"},{"unstructured":"Hamscher WC , 1992. \u201cModeling accounting processes to support multiple tasks: A progress report\u201d In: Proc. 10th National Conf. on Artificial Intelligence,San Jose, CA,July.","key":"S0269888900006457_ref026"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benaroch M and Dhar V , 1996. \u201cA knowledge-based approach to solving hedge design problems\u201d. In: 1st Int. Conf. on AI Applications on Wall Street 140\u2013145, New York.","key":"S0269888900006457_ref006","DOI":"10.1109\/AIAWS.1991.236558"},{"key":"S0269888900006457_ref027","first-page":"62","article-title":"Qualitative reasoning for financial assessments: A prospectus","volume":"7","author":"Hart","year":"1986","journal-title":"AI Magazine"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hyv\u00f6nen E , 1991. \u201cInterval constraint spreadsheets for financial planning.\u201d In: 1st Int. Conf. on AI Applications on Wall Street 302\u2013311, IEEE Press.","key":"S0269888900006457_ref030","DOI":"10.1109\/AIAWS.1991.236585"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davis R and Hamscher WC , 1988. \u201cModel based reasoning: Troubleshooting\u201d. In: HE Shrobe (ed), Exploring Artificial Intelligence: Survey Talks from the National Conferences of Artificial Intelligence 297\u2013346. Morgan Kaufmann. (Also in: PH Winston and SA Shellard (eds), 1990. Artificial Intelligence at MIT: Expanding Frontiers MIT Press. And in WC Hamscher, J de Kleer and L Console (eds), 1992, Readings in Model-based Diagnosis Morgan Kaufmann.)","key":"S0269888900006457_ref012","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-934613-67-5.50012-5"},{"key":"S0269888900006457_ref031","first-page":"1","article-title":"An analysis of the distinction between deep and shallow expert systems","volume":"2","author":"Karp","year":"1989","journal-title":"Int. J. Expert Systems Research and Applications"},{"unstructured":"Kosy DW and Wise BP , 1984. \u201cSelf explanatory financial models.\u201d In: Proc. 4th National Conf. on Artificial Intelligence 176\u2013181, Austin, TX, August.","key":"S0269888900006457_ref033"},{"key":"S0269888900006457_ref034","first-page":"487","volume-title":"Artificial Intelligence, Simulation, and Modeling","author":"Kosy","year":"1989"},{"unstructured":"Kuipers BJ , 1987. \u201cAbstraction by time-scale in qualitative simulation.\u201d In: Proc. 6th National Conf. on Artificial Intelligence 621\u2013625, Seattle, WA, August. (Also in DS Weld and J de Kleer (eds), 1990, Readings in Qualitative Reasoning about Physical Systems Morgan Kaufmann.)","key":"S0269888900006457_ref035"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"S0269888900006457_ref038","DOI":"10.2307\/2491249"}],"container-title":["The Knowledge Engineering Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0269888900006457","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T14:42:26Z","timestamp":1767624146000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0269888900006457\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1992,12]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1992,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S0269888900006457"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0269888900006457","relation":{},"ISSN":["0269-8889","1469-8005"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0269-8889"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1469-8005"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1992,12]]}}}