{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T18:29:04Z","timestamp":1767637744615,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Maximum Academic Press","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,7]],"date-time":"2009-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1246924800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":6062,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Knowledge Engineering Review"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1992,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Designing is a skill central to many human tasks. Designers are constantly producing newer and better artifacts, generating innovative solutions to problems in our world. This article looks at innovation and research that is aimed at developing theories and methodologies for innovative design. We view design as a process of\n                    <jats:italic>association<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>exploration.<\/jats:italic>\n                    These two approaches are fundamental to innovation. The aim of exploration is to generate a large variety of design alternatives by breaking away from the norms, by looking in unlikely places, and by relaxing binding constraints. Exploration exposes possibilities that would not normally have been considered, possibilities that may serendipitously lead to innovative solutions. Association, on the other hand, attempts to exploit previous design experiences in a new design context. This is done by recognizing useful analogies that can help in synthesizing parts of a design, recognizing unforeseen problems, and discovering opportunities. This article is the second part of a two-part paper that presents and discusses a variety of association and exploration methods. This part examines exploration techniques, some of which have been used in actual design systems, and others that point to the solution of some open questions in design research. We develop these ideas by examining connections between design research and other disciplines such as artificial intelligence, evolutionary epistemology, and the automated discovery literature.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0269888900006469","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,7]],"date-time":"2009-07-07T09:35:04Z","timestamp":1246959304000},"page":"345-362","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Innovative design systems: where are we, and where do we go from here? Part II: Design by exploration"],"prefix":"10.48130","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"D. Navin","family":"Chandra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"27968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0269888900006469_ref025","unstructured":"Spencer H , 1857. \u201cProgress: its law and cause\u201d. Westminster Review."},{"volume-title":"Semantic Information Processing","year":"1968","author":"Quillian","key":"S0269888900006469_ref024"},{"volume-title":"Conjectures and Refutations; The Growth of Scientific Knowledge","year":"1965","author":"Popper","key":"S0269888900006469_ref023"},{"key":"S0269888900006469_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-3114-1"},{"key":"S0269888900006469_ref019","unstructured":"Navin chandra D , 1987. Exploring for innovative designs by relaxing criteria and reasoning from precedent-based knowledge. PhD thesis, MIT."},{"key":"S0269888900006469_ref018","unstructured":"Murthy S and Addanki S , 1987. \u201cPROMPT: An innovative design tool\u201d. In: Proc 6th National Conference on Artificial Intelligence. 637\u2013642."},{"key":"S0269888900006469_ref014","unstructured":"Lenat DB , 1976. AM: An artificial intelligence approach to discovery in mathematics as heuristic search. PhD thesis, Stanford University."},{"volume-title":"The Act of Creation","year":"1964","author":"Koestler","key":"S0269888900006469_ref012"},{"key":"S0269888900006469_ref011","unstructured":"Grefenstette JJ , 1987. Genetic Algorithms and their Applications: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Genetic Algorithms.Morgan Kaufman."},{"key":"S0269888900006469_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dyer MG , Flowers M and Hodges J , 1986. \u201cEDISON: An Engineering Design Invention System Operating Naively\u201d. In: Proc. 1st Int. Conference on Applications of AI to Engineering.","DOI":"10.1016\/0954-1810(86)90033-6"},{"volume-title":"On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection","year":"1859","author":"Darwin","key":"S0269888900006469_ref008"},{"volume-title":"Knowledge-Based Design Systems","year":"1989","author":"Coyne","key":"S0269888900006469_ref007"},{"volume-title":"Modeling Creativity and Knowledge Based Design","year":"1991","author":"Coyne","key":"S0269888900006469_ref006"},{"key":"S0269888900006469_ref004","unstructured":"Cagan J , 1990. Innovative Design of mechanical structures from first principles. PhD thesis, Univ. of California."},{"key":"S0269888900006469_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0004-3702(83)80005-8"},{"key":"S0269888900006469_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(78)90010-3"},{"key":"S0269888900006469_ref002","volume-title":"Medical Informatics","volume":"19","author":"Blum","year":"1982"},{"key":"S0269888900006469_ref001","unstructured":"Addanki S and Davis ES , 1985. \u201cA representation for complex domains\u201d. In Proc. 9th Int. Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence."},{"key":"S0269888900006469_ref026","unstructured":"Toulmin S , 1967. \u201cThe evolutionary development of natural science\u201d. American Scientist 57."},{"key":"S0269888900006469_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(84)90016-X"},{"key":"S0269888900006469_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/6090.001.0001","volume-title":"Scientific Discovery\u2014Computational Explorations of the Creative Processes","author":"Langley","year":"1987"},{"key":"S0269888900006469_ref010","unstructured":"Flemming U , Coyne R , Glavin T , Hung H and Rychener M , 1989. A generative expert system for the design of building layouts EDRC 48\u201315-89. Technical Report, Engineering Design Research Center, Carnegie Mellon University."},{"key":"S0269888900006469_ref017","unstructured":"Muller ET , 1987. Daydreaming and computation: a computer model of everyday creativity, learning, and emotions in the human stream of thought. PhD thesis, Univ. of California."},{"volume-title":"Engineering Design","year":"1984","author":"Pahl","key":"S0269888900006469_ref021"},{"key":"S0269888900006469_ref005","unstructured":"Cheyayeb F , 1987. A framework for engineering knowledge representation and problem solving. PhD thesis, MIT."},{"volume-title":"Principles OF Optimal Design","year":"1988","author":"Papalambros","key":"S0269888900006469_ref022"},{"key":"S0269888900006469_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walker MG , 1987. \u201cHow feasible is automated discovery\u201d. IEEE Expert 69\u201382, Spring.","DOI":"10.1109\/MEX.1987.4307036"}],"container-title":["The Knowledge Engineering Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0269888900006469","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T14:42:26Z","timestamp":1767624146000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0269888900006469\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1992,12]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1992,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S0269888900006469"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0269888900006469","relation":{},"ISSN":["0269-8889","1469-8005"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0269-8889"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1469-8005"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1992,12]]}}}