{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T18:30:04Z","timestamp":1767637804401,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Maximum Academic Press","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,7]],"date-time":"2009-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1246924800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":5242,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Knowledge Engineering Review"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The First International Conference on Information Processing and the Management of Uncertainty (IPMU) was held in 1986 at a time of great debate about the necessity of modelling uncertainty in intelligent systems (which at that time largely meant rule-based expert systems) and the best way of doing so. Whereas the founders of the Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence (UAI) in the United States set out with the aim of promoting the use of probability, the organisers of IPMU chose a diametrically opposed course. Though there were a few papers on probability at IPMU '86, the main focus was on alternative methods, primarily those based upon fuzzy sets. Though subsequent conferences have seen greater mix of papers, IPMU remains largely non-probabilistic with the result that the bulk of the participants come from Europe rather than the United States (despite the large amount of work on uncertainty, and especially probability, that is carried out in the US) making IPMU something of a counterpoint to UAT. The difference in participation is exacerbated by the location\u2014whilst the UAI remains in North America, IPMU alternates between Paris and other cities in Europe, including Urbino in 1988 and Palma in 1992.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0269888900007311","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,7]],"date-time":"2009-07-07T09:34:25Z","timestamp":1246959265000},"page":"83-88","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Information processing and the management of uncertainty"],"prefix":"10.48130","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Simon","family":"Parsons","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"saffiotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"27968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0269888900007311_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dawid AP , Kj\u00e6rulff U and Lauritzen SL , 1994. \u201cHybrid propagation in junction trees\u201d. In: Proc. IPMU, pp 965\u2013971.","DOI":"10.1007\/BFb0035940"},{"key":"S0269888900007311_ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu H , 1994. \u201cComputing marginals from the marginal representation in Markov trees\u201d. In: Proc. IPMU, pp 275\u2013280.","DOI":"10.1007\/BFb0035942"},{"key":"S0269888900007311_ref036","unstructured":"Paduraru O , Teodorescu HN , Costin M , Ciobanu A and Gradinaru S , 1994. \u201cFuzzy expert system shell for diagnosis and prediction applications\u201d. In: Proc. IPMU, pp 759\u2013764."},{"key":"S0269888900007311_ref032","unstructured":"O'Leary DE , 1994. \u201cVerification and validation of multiple agent systems: combining agent probabilistic judgements\u201d. In: Proc. IPMU, pp 521\u2013525."},{"key":"S0269888900007311_ref023","unstructured":"Glorennec PY , Pircher H and Hespel JP , 1994. \u201cFuzzy logic control of blood glucose\u201d. In: Proc. IPMU, pp 916\u2013920."},{"key":"S0269888900007311_ref022","unstructured":"Glorennec PY and Ambrozy G , 1994. \u201cPredictive fuzzy control of a heating floor\u201d. In: Proc. IPMU, pp 473\u2013477."},{"key":"S0269888900007311_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gottwald S , 1994. \u201cAn approach to handle partially sound rules of inference\u201d. In: Proc. IPMU, pp 706\u2013711.","DOI":"10.1007\/BFb0035971"},{"key":"S0269888900007311_ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sandri S and Bittencourt G , 1994. \u201cPossibilistic semantic nets\u201d. In: Proc. IPMU, pp 838\u2013843.","DOI":"10.1007\/BFb0035965"},{"key":"S0269888900007311_ref029","unstructured":"Kinkiel\u00e9l\u00e9 D , and Ayel M , 1994. \u201cOn discovering potential inconsistencies in validating fuzzy knowledge bases\u201d. In: Proc. IPMU, pp 533\u2013538."},{"key":"S0269888900007311_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bosc P and Pivert O , 1994. \u201cOn the efficiency of the alpha-cut distribution method to evaluate simple fuzzy relational queries\u201d. In: Proc. IPMU, pp 11\u201316.","DOI":"10.1142\/9789812830753_0029"},{"key":"S0269888900007311_ref030","unstructured":"Kohlas J and Brachinger HW , 1994. \u201cMathematical foundations of evidence theory\u201d. In: Proc. IPMU, pp 53\u201358."},{"key":"S0269888900007311_ref006","unstructured":"Bigham J , Luo Z , Cayrac D , Nordbo I and Bouyssounouse B , 1994. \u201cApproaches to integration of uncertain and temporal information in diagnostic reasoning\u201d. In: Proc. IPMU, pp 250\u2013255."},{"key":"S0269888900007311_ref014","unstructured":"de Campos, LM , Huete JF and Moral S , 1994. \u201cUncertainty management using probability intervals\u201d. In: Proc. IPMU, pp 431\u2013436."},{"key":"S0269888900007311_ref038","unstructured":"Ramparany F , Lorquet V and Bouyssounouse B , 1994. \u201cCombining uncertain and temporal reasoning\u201d. In: Proc. IPMU, pp 256\u2013261."},{"key":"S0269888900007311_ref035","unstructured":"Ozawa J and Yamada K , 1994. \u201cCo-operative answering with macro expression of a database\u201d. In: Proc. IPMU, pp 17\u201322."},{"key":"S0269888900007311_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bigham J , 1994. \u201cUsing preference based heuristics to control abductive reasoning\u201d. In: Proc. IPMU, pp 700\u2013705.","DOI":"10.1007\/BFb0035975"},{"key":"S0269888900007311_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barro S , Bugarin A , F\u00e9lix P , Ruiz R , Marin R and Palacios F , 1994. \u201cFuzzy logic applications in cardiology: study of some cases\u201d. In: Proc. IPMU, pp 885\u2013891.","DOI":"10.1142\/9789812830753_0042"},{"key":"S0269888900007311_ref019","unstructured":"Fari\u0101as cel Cerro, L and Herzig A , 1994. \u201cPossibility theory and independence\u201d. In: Proc. IPMU, pp 820\u2013825."},{"key":"S0269888900007311_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gebhardt J and Kruse R , 1994. \u201cA numerical framework for possibilistic abduction\u201d. In: Proc. IPMU, pp 809\u2013814.","DOI":"10.1007\/BFb0035961"},{"key":"S0269888900007311_ref045","unstructured":"Snow P , 1994. \u201cProbabilistic models of ignorance and the advent of belief\u201d. In: Proc. IPMU, pp 222\u2013227."},{"key":"S0269888900007311_ref044","unstructured":"Smits PC , Mari M , Teschioni A , Dellepiani S and Fontana F , 1994. \u201cApplication of fuzzy methods to segmentation of medical images\u201d. In: Proc. IPMU, pp 910\u2013915."},{"key":"S0269888900007311_ref027","unstructured":"Jaulent M-C and Yang A , 1994. \u201cApplication of fuzzy pattern matching to the flexible interrogation of a digital angiographies database\u201d. In: Proc. IPMU, pp 904\u2013909."},{"key":"S0269888900007311_ref028","unstructured":"Jensen FV and Liang J , 1994. \u201cdr Hugin: a system for value of information in Bayesian networks\u201d. In: Proc. IPMU, pp 178\u2013183."},{"key":"S0269888900007311_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderson MF , Hudson DL and Cohen ME , 1994. \u201cAreas of uncertainty in radiological diagnosis\u201d. In: Proc. IPMU, pp 137\u2013141.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0272503700081635"},{"key":"S0269888900007311_ref020","unstructured":"Ferreiro Garcia, R , 1994. \u201cFAM on gain scheduling control of highly nonlinear and disturbed processes\u201d. In: Proc. IPMU, pp 463\u2013466."},{"key":"S0269888900007311_ref010","unstructured":"Cano A and Moral S , 1994. \u201cHeuristic algorithms for the triangulation of graphs\u201d. In: Proc. IPMU, pp 166\u2013171."},{"key":"S0269888900007311_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benferhat S , 1994. \u201cHandling hard rules and default rules in possibilistic logic\u201d. In: Proc. IPMU, pp 1153\u20131158.","DOI":"10.1007\/BFb0035963"},{"key":"S0269888900007311_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arigoni O and Rossi A , 1994. \u201cUncertainty, fuzzy sets, conceptual sets\u201d. In: Proc. IPMU, pp 1291\u20131296.","DOI":"10.1142\/9789812830753_0041"},{"key":"S0269888900007311_ref034","unstructured":"Olivas JA and Sobrino A , 1994. \u201cAn application of Zadeh's prototype theory to the prediction of forest fire in a knowledge-based system\u201d. In: Proc. IPMU, pp 747\u2013752."},{"key":"S0269888900007311_ref017","unstructured":"Esteva F , Garcia P and Godo L , 1994. \u201cOn conditioning in similarity logic\u201d. In: Proc. IPMU, pp 999\u20131005."},{"key":"S0269888900007311_ref001","unstructured":"Acid S and de Campos, LM , 1994. \u201cApproximation of causal networks by polytrees: an empirical study\u201d. In: Proc. lPM U, pp 972\u2013977."},{"key":"S0269888900007311_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Binaghi E , Cirla ML and Rampini A , 1994. \u201cA fuzzy logic based system for the quantification of visual inspection in clinical assessment\u201d. In: Proc. IPMU, pp 892\u2013897.","DOI":"10.1142\/9789812830753_0043"},{"key":"S0269888900007311_ref011","unstructured":"Cano A , Cano J and Moral S , 1994. \u201cConvex sets of probabilities propagation by simulated annealing\u201d. In: Proc. IPMU, pp 978\u2013983."},{"key":"S0269888900007311_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cardoso J , Valette R and Pradin-Chezalviel B , 1994. \u201cLinear logic for imprecise firings in object Petri nets\u201d. In: Proc. IPMU, pp 1269\u20131274.","DOI":"10.1142\/9789812830753_0014"},{"key":"S0269888900007311_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dubois D , Dupin de Saint Cyr, F and Prade H , 1994. \u201cUpdating, transition constraints and possibilistic Markov chains\u201d. In: Proc. IPMU, pp 826\u2013831.","DOI":"10.1007\/BFb0035959"},{"key":"S0269888900007311_ref016","unstructured":"Eklund PW , Sun X and Thomas DA , 1994. \u201cFuzzy matrices: an application in agriculture\u201d. In: Proc. IPMU, pp 765\u2013769."},{"key":"S0269888900007311_ref018","unstructured":"Ezawa KJ , 1994. \u201cEvidence propagation on influence diagrams and value of evidence\u201d. In: Proc. IPMU, pp 287\u2013292."},{"key":"S0269888900007311_ref025","unstructured":"Hajek P , 1994. \u201cPossibilistic logic as interpretability logic\u201d. In: Proc. IPMU, pp 815\u2013819."},{"key":"S0269888900007311_ref026","unstructured":"Hudson DL , Cohen ME and Anderson MF , 1994. \u201cA hybrid neural network with symbolic action layer for medical decision support\u201d. In: Proc. IPMU, pp 131\u2013136."},{"key":"S0269888900007311_ref031","unstructured":"Mellouli K , 1994. \u201cDecision making using belief functions evaluation of information\u201d. In: Proc. IPMU, pp 47\u201352."},{"key":"S0269888900007311_ref033","unstructured":"O'Leary DE and O'Keefe R , 1994. \u201cA survey of validation of multiple agent systems\u201d. In: Proc. IPMU, pp 527\u2013532."},{"key":"S0269888900007311_ref037","unstructured":"Parsons S and Saffiotti A , 1994. \u201cThe qualitative verification of quantitative uncertainty\u201d. In: Proc. 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In: Proc. 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