{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T18:29:58Z","timestamp":1767637798411,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Maximum Academic Press","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,7]],"date-time":"2009-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1246924800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":4967,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Knowledge Engineering Review"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This paper examines how formal specification techniques can support the verification and validation (V&amp;V) of knowledge-based systems. Formal specification techniques provide levels of description which support both verification and validation, and V&amp;V techniques feed back to assist the development of the specifications. Developing a formal specification for a system requires the prior construction of a conceptual model for the intended system. Many elements of this conceptual model can be effectively used to support V&amp;V. Using these elements, the V&amp;V process becomes deeper and more elaborate, and it produces results of a better quality compared with the V&amp;V activities which can be performed on systems developed without conceptual models. However, we note that there are concerns in using formal specification techniques for V&amp;V, not least being the effort involved in creating the specifications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0269888900007542","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,7]],"date-time":"2009-07-07T09:34:20Z","timestamp":1246959260000},"page":"331-343","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Verification and validation of knowledge-based systems with formal specifications"],"prefix":"10.48130","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Pedro","family":"Meseguer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alun D.","family":"Preece","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"27968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0269888900007542_ref026","unstructured":"Zualkernan LA , Tsai W-T and Kirani S , 1992. \u201cTesting expert systems using 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