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Languages for KBS have to cover both these aspects. They have to provide a means to specify a complex and large amount of knowledge and they have to provide a means to specify the dynamic reasoning behaviour of a KBS. Nevertheless, KBS are just a specific type of software system. Therefore, it seems quite natural to compare formal languages for specifying KBS with formal languages which were developed by the software community for specifying software systems. That is the subject of this paper.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0269888900007566","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,7]],"date-time":"2009-07-07T09:34:20Z","timestamp":1246959260000},"page":"361-404","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Formal specification languages in knowledge and software engineering"],"prefix":"10.48130","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Dieter","family":"Fensel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"27968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0269888900007566_ref127","article-title":"An operational approach to requirements specification for embedded systems","volume":"3","author":"Zave","year":"1982","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering"},{"key":"S0269888900007566_ref126","volume-title":"Modern Structured Analysis","author":"Yourdon","year":"1989"},{"key":"S0269888900007566_ref125","volume-title":"Software Development with Z","author":"Wordsworth","year":"1992"},{"key":"S0269888900007566_ref124","volume-title":"Proceedings of the First International Symposium of Formal Methods Europe Odense","author":"Woodcock","year":"1993"},{"key":"S0269888900007566_ref123","volume-title":"Proceedings of the First ACM SIGSOFT Symposium on the Foundation of Software Engineering","author":"Wood","year":"1993"},{"key":"S0269888900007566_ref122","volume-title":"Handbook of Theoretical Computer Science","author":"Wirsing","year":"1990"},{"key":"S0269888900007566_ref119","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Deductive and Object-Oriented Databases (DOOD-91)","author":"Wieringa","year":"1991"},{"key":"S0269888900007566_ref117","volume-title":"Management and Processing of Complex Data Structures","author":"Wielinga","year":"1994"},{"key":"S0269888900007566_ref116","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering (SEKE93)","author":"Voss","year":"1993"},{"key":"S0269888900007566_ref115","volume-title":"Formal Specification of Complex Reasoning Systems","author":"Veld","year":"1993"},{"key":"S0269888900007566_ref113","volume-title":"Formal Specification of Complex Reasoning Systems","author":"Treur","year":"1993"},{"key":"S0269888900007566_ref112","volume-title":"Logic Program Synthesis and Transformation\u2014Meta Programming in Logic, Proceedings of the 4th International Workshops, LOPSTER-94 and META-94, Pisa","author":"Treur","year":"1994"},{"key":"S0269888900007566_ref111","volume-title":"Proceedings of the European Knowledge Acquisition Workshop (EKAW-91)","author":"Treur","year":"1992"},{"key":"S0269888900007566_ref108","volume-title":"Modelling Database Dynamics","author":"Spruit","year":"1993"},{"key":"S0269888900007566_ref107","volume-title":"The Z Notation. 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