{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T18:31:24Z","timestamp":1767637884723,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Maximum Academic Press","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,7]],"date-time":"2009-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1246924800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":4601,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Knowledge Engineering Review"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Deriving formal specifications from informal requirements is extremely difficult since one has to overcome the conceptual gap between an application domain and the domain of formal specification methods. To reduce this gap we introduce application-specific specification languages, i.e., graphical and textual notations that can be unambiguously mapped to formal specifications in a logic language. We describe a number of realised approaches based on this idea, and evaluate them with respect to their domain specificity vs. generality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0269888900008018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,7]],"date-time":"2009-07-07T09:34:09Z","timestamp":1246959249000},"page":"317-331","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Declarative specifications"],"prefix":"10.48130","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Norbert E.","family":"Fuchs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Robertson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"27968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0269888900008018_ref002","unstructured":"Bundy A , Byrd L , Luger G , Mellish C and Milne R , 1979. \u201cSolving mechanics problems using meta-level inference\u201d In Buchanan BG (ed), Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI)."},{"key":"S0269888900008018_ref006","unstructured":"Hesketh J , Robertson D , Fuchs N and Bundy A , 1996. \u201cAutomating reasoning support for design\u201d Research paper, Department of Artificial Intelligence, University of Edinburgh, Scotland."},{"volume-title":"Eco-Logic: Logic-Based Approaches to Ecological Modelling","year":"1991","author":"Robertson","key":"S0269888900008018_ref013"},{"key":"S0269888900008018_ref003","unstructured":"Fromherz MPJ , 1993. \u201cA methodology for executable specifications-combining logic programming, object-orientation and multiple views\u201d PhD thesis, Department of Computer Science, University of Zurich, Switzerland."},{"volume-title":"The Relation Between Logic Programming and Logic Specification","year":"1985","author":"Kowalski","key":"S0269888900008018_ref007"},{"key":"S0269888900008018_ref004","first-page":"13","volume-title":"Entwicklung, Test und Wartung 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Spain."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings 12th European Conference on Artificial Intelligence (ECAI-96)","year":"1996","author":"Robertson","key":"S0269888900008018_ref014"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings ONR\/ARPA\/AFOSR\/ARO\/NSF Workshop on Increasing the Practical Impact of Formal Methods","year":"1994","author":"Robertson","key":"S0269888900008018_ref015"},{"key":"S0269888900008018_ref016","unstructured":"Schwitter R and Fuchs NE , 1996. \u201cAttempto\u2014from specifications in controlled natural language towards executable specifications\u201d GI EMISA Workshop Nat\u00fcrlichsprachlicher Entwurf von Informationssystemen, Tutzing."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings Poster Session, JICSLP '96, Joint International Conference and Symposium on Logic Programming","year":"1996","author":"Schwitter","key":"S0269888900008018_ref017"},{"volume-title":"Computer Science Colloquium","year":"1992","author":"Sterling","key":"S0269888900008018_ref018"},{"key":"S0269888900008018_ref011","unstructured":"Pulman S and Rayner M , 1994. \u201cComputer Processable Controlled Language\u201d SRI International Cambridge Computer Science Research Centre, Cambridge."}],"container-title":["The Knowledge Engineering 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