{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T06:15:09Z","timestamp":1769580909596,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Maximum Academic Press","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,26]],"date-time":"2012-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1335398400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Knowledge Engineering Review"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Agent-based models are often described as bottom-up because macro-level phenomena emerge from the micro-level interactions of agents. These macro-level phenomena include fixed points, cycles, dynamic patterns, and long transients. In this paper, I explore the link between micro-level characteristics\u2014learning rules, diversity, network structure, and externalities\u2014and the macro-level patterns they produce. I focus on why we need agent-level modeling, on how these models produce emergent phenomenon, and on how agent-based models help understand outcomes of social systems in a way that differs from the analytic, equilibrium approach.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0269888912000112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,26]],"date-time":"2012-04-26T07:24:35Z","timestamp":1335425075000},"page":"151-162","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Aggregation in agent-based models of economies"],"prefix":"10.48130","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Scott E.","family":"Page","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"27968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0269888912000112_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/game.1995.1024"},{"key":"S0269888912000112_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1889(98)00068-2"},{"key":"S0269888912000112_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400830282","volume-title":"The Difference: How the Power of Diversity Creates Better Groups, Firms, Schools, and Societies","author":"Page","year":"2008"},{"key":"S0269888912000112_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jet.2004.08.006"},{"key":"S0269888912000112_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jeth.2000.2709"},{"key":"S0269888912000112_ref38","first-page":"533","volume-title":"The Economy as a Complex Evolving System II","author":"Tesfatsion","year":"1997"},{"key":"S0269888912000112_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2946686"},{"key":"S0269888912000112_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00191-009-0136-x"},{"key":"S0269888912000112_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/3374.001.0001","volume-title":"Growing Artificial Societies: Social Science form the Bottom Up","author":"Epstein","year":"1996"},{"key":"S0269888912000112_ref16","volume-title":"Generative Social Science","author":"Epstein","year":"2003"},{"key":"S0269888912000112_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0610172104"},{"key":"S0269888912000112_ref9","unstructured":"Axtell R. , McRae C. 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