{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T15:39:12Z","timestamp":1779291552875,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Maximum Academic Press","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,26]],"date-time":"2012-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1343260800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Knowledge Engineering Review"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>As acknowledged by the SESAR (Single European Sky ATM (Air Traffic Management) Research) program, current Air Traffic Control (ATC) systems must be drastically improved to accommodate the predicted traffic growth in Europe. In this context, the Episode 3 project aims at assessing the performance of new ATM concepts, like 4D-trajectory planning and strategic deconfliction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>One of the bottlenecks impeding ATC performances is the hourly capacity constraints defined on each en-route ATC sector to limit the rate of aircraft. Previous works were mainly focused on optimizing the current ground holding slot allocation process devised to satisfy these constraints. We propose to estimate the cost of directly solving all conflicts in the upper airspace with ground holding, provided that aircraft were able to follow their trajectories accurately.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>We present a Constraint Programming model of this large-scale combinatorial optimization problem and the results obtained with the FaCiLe (Functional Constraint Library). We study the effect of uncertainties on the departure time and estimate the cost of improving the robustness of our solutions with the Complete Air Traffic Simulator (CATS). Encouraging results were obtained without uncertainty but the costs of robust solutions are prohibitive. Our approach may however be improved, for example, with a prior flight level allocation and the dynamic resolution of remaining conflicts with one of CATS\u2019 modules.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0269888912000227","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,26]],"date-time":"2012-07-26T05:43:52Z","timestamp":1343281432000},"page":"291-307","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Trajectory deconfliction with constraint programming"],"prefix":"10.48130","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Barnier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cyril","family":"Allignol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"27968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0269888912000227_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(92)90006-J"},{"key":"S0269888912000227_ref22","unstructured":"Tran Dac H. , Baptiste P. 2003. Airspace sectorization by constraint programming. In Proceedings of the Rencontres en Informatique Vietnam-France RIVF'03. Hanoi, Vietnam."},{"key":"S0269888912000227_ref20","unstructured":"Granger G. 2002. D\u00e9tection et r\u00e9solution de conflits a\u00e9riens : mod\u00e9lisations et analyse. PhD thesis, \u00c9cole Polytechnique. Palaiseau, France."},{"key":"S0269888912000227_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gianazza D. , Guittet K. 2007. Selection and evaluation of air traffic complexity metrics. In Proceedings of the 25th Digital Avionics Systems Conference DASC'07. Portland (OR), USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/DASC.2006.313710"},{"key":"S0269888912000227_ref17","unstructured":"Garot J.-M. , Durand N. 2005. Failures in the automation of air traffic control. In Proceedings of the Colloque de l'Association A\u00e9ronautique et Astronautique de France 3AF. Toulouse, France."},{"key":"S0269888912000227_ref15","volume-title":"Computational Geometry \u2013 Algorithms and Applications","author":"de Berg","year":"1998"},{"key":"S0269888912000227_ref13","unstructured":"Cook A. J. , Tanner G. , Anderson S. 2004. Evaluating the true cost to airlines of one minute of airborne or ground delay: final report. Technical report, Eurocontrol."},{"key":"S0269888912000227_ref14","unstructured":"Dalichampt M. , Petit E. , Junker U. , Lebreton J. 1997. Innovative slot allocation (ISA). Technical report, Eurocontrol."},{"key":"S0269888912000227_ref10","volume-title":"4th USA\/Europe RandD Seminar on Air Traffic Management ATM'2001","author":"Barnier","year":"2001"},{"key":"S0269888912000227_ref9","first-page":"133","volume-title":"CPAIOR'02: 4th International Workshop on Integration of AI and OR Techniques in Constraint Programming for Combinatorial Optimisation Problems","author":"Barnier","year":"2002"},{"key":"S0269888912000227_ref8","volume-title":"Colloquium on Implementation of Constraint and LOgic Programming Systems CICLOPS'01 (Workshop of CP'01)","author":"Barnier","year":"2001"},{"key":"S0269888912000227_ref6","unstructured":"Barnier N. 2002. Application de la programmation par contraintes \u00e0 des probl\u00e8mes de gestion du trafic a\u00e9rien. PhD thesis, Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse. Toulouse, France."},{"key":"S0269888912000227_ref4","unstructured":"Archambault N. 2004. Speed uncertainty and speed regulation in conflict detection and resolution in air traffic control. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Research in Air Transportation ICRAT'2004. Zilina, Slovakia."},{"key":"S0269888912000227_ref19","unstructured":"Graham R. , Young D. 2006. Preparing an Initial Assessment of the SESAR Concept of Operations \u201cEP3: Single European Sky Implementation Support through Validation\u201d. Technical report, Eurocontrol Experimental Centre, Br\u00e9tigny, France."},{"key":"S0269888912000227_ref3","unstructured":"Alliot J.-M. , Colin de Verdi\u00e8re D. 2003. ATM: 20 ans d'effort et perspectives. In Symposium de l'Acad\u00e9mie Nationale de l'Air et de l'Espace : vers l'automatisation du vol et sa gestion. Ecole Nationale Sup\u00e9rieure de l'A\u00e9ronautique et de l'Espace, Toulouse, France."},{"key":"S0269888912000227_ref12","unstructured":"Central Flow Management Unit (CFMU) 2000. Basic CFMU Handbook \u2013 General & CFMU Systems, 6.0 edn. Eurocontrol (CFMU), Brussels."},{"key":"S0269888912000227_ref7","unstructured":"Barnier N. , Allignol C. 2009. 4D-trajectory deconfliction through departure time adjustment. In Proceedings of the 8th USA\/Europe R&D Seminar on Air Traffic Management ATM'2009. Napa, CA, USA."},{"key":"S0269888912000227_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-1479-4"},{"key":"S0269888912000227_ref21","volume-title":"4th USA\/Europe RandD Seminar on Air Traffic Management ATM'01","author":"Granger","year":"2001"},{"key":"S0269888912000227_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jairtraman.2007.05.001"},{"key":"S0269888912000227_ref11","unstructured":"Central Office for Delay Analysis 2009. CODA Digest \u2013 Delays to Air Transport in Europe. Technical report, Eurocontrol."},{"key":"S0269888912000227_ref1","unstructured":"ACARE 2004. Strategic Research Agenda 2 (SRA 2). Technical report, Advisory Council for Aeronautics Research in Europe."},{"key":"S0269888912000227_ref2","unstructured":"Alliot J.-M. , Bosc J.-F. , Durand N. , Maugis L. 1997. CATS: a complete air traffic simulator. In Proceedings of the 16th Digital Avionics Systems Conference DASC'97. Irvine (CA), USA."}],"container-title":["The Knowledge Engineering Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0269888912000227","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T14:44:06Z","timestamp":1767624246000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0269888912000227\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,26]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,26]]}},"alternative-id":["S0269888912000227"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0269888912000227","relation":{},"ISSN":["0269-8889","1469-8005"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0269-8889","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8005","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,26]]}}}