{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T07:44:30Z","timestamp":1768549470100,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Maximum Academic Press","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,27]],"date-time":"2020-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580083200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":26,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Knowledge Engineering Review"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The popularity of smart cars is increasing around the world as they offer a wide range of services and conveniences. These smart cars are equipped with a variety of sensors generating a large amount of data, many of which are critical. Besides, there are multiple parties involved in the lifespan of a smart car, such as manufacturers, car owners, government agencies, and third-party service providers who also generate data about the vehicle. In addition to managing and sharing data among these entities in a secure and privacy-friendly way which is a great challenge itself, there exists a trust deficit about some types of data as they remain under the custody of the car owner (e.g. satellite navigation and mileage data) and can easily be manipulated. In this article, we propose a blockchain-assisted architecture enabling the owner of a smart car to create an immutable record of every data, called the\n                    <jats:italic>autobiography<\/jats:italic>\n                    of a car, generated within its lifespan. We also explain how the trust about this record is guaranteed by the\n                    <jats:italic>immutability<\/jats:italic>\n                    characteristic of the blockchain. Furthermore, the article describes how the proposed architecture enables a secure and privacy-preserving mechanism for sharing of smart car data among different parties.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0269888920000028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,27]],"date-time":"2020-01-27T04:20:22Z","timestamp":1580098822000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Immutable autobiography of smart cars leveraging blockchain technology"],"prefix":"10.48130","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8361-4870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"MD. Sadek","family":"Ferdous","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Jabed Morshed","family":"Chowdhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3719-8607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamanashis","family":"Biswas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Niaz","family":"Chowdhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vallipuram","family":"Muthukkumarasamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"27968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0269888920000028_ref34","first-page":"993","article-title":"A practical wireless attack on the connected car and security protocol for in-vehicle CAN","volume":"16","author":"Woo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proceedings of IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems"},{"key":"S0269888920000028_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2909004"},{"key":"S0269888920000028_ref32","unstructured":"Smart Car Hacking: A Major Problem For IoT. https:\/\/hackernoon.com\/smart-car-hacking-a-major-problem-for-iot-a66c14562419. 31 October, 2017. Accessed on 25 May, 2019."},{"key":"S0269888920000028_ref30","unstructured":"Singh, M. & Kim, S. 2017. Blockchain Based Intelligent Vehicle Data Sharing Framework. arXiv preprint arXiv:1708.09721."},{"key":"S0269888920000028_ref28","unstructured":"Shrestha, R. , Bajracharya, R. & Nam, S. Y. 2018. Blockchain-based message dissemination in VANET. In the Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE 3rd International Conference on Computing, Communication and Security (ICCCS), 161\u2013166."},{"key":"S0269888920000028_ref26","unstructured":"Sharma, P. K. , Kumar, N. & Park, J. H. 2018. Blockchain-based distributed framework for automotive industry in a smart city. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 15(7), 4197\u20134205."},{"key":"S0269888920000028_ref24","unstructured":"Sharma, R. & Chakraborty, S. 2018a. \u201cBlockAPP: using blockchain for authentication and privacy preservation in IoV\u201d. In 2018 IEEE Globecom Workshops (GC Wkshps), 1\u20136."},{"key":"S0269888920000028_ref10","unstructured":"Ethereum. https:\/\/www.ethereum.org\/. Accessed on January 10, 2018."},{"key":"S0269888920000028_ref14","unstructured":"Greenberg, A. Hackers Remotely Kill A Jeep on the Highway \u2013 With Me in It. https:\/\/www.wired.com\/2015\/07\/hackers-remotely-kill-jeep-highway\/. 21 July, 2015. Accessed on 25 May, 2019."},{"key":"S0269888920000028_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcan.2019.04.003"},{"key":"S0269888920000028_ref27","volume-title":"61\u201364","author":"Shostack","year":"2014"},{"key":"S0269888920000028_ref22","unstructured":"Pedrosa, A. R. & Pau, G. 2018. ChargeltUp: on blockchain-based technologies for autonomous vehicles. In Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Cryptocurrencies and Blockchains for Distributed Systems, 87\u201392."},{"key":"S0269888920000028_ref8","unstructured":"Dumont, M. What is Blockchain Bloat? https:\/\/medium.com\/@apollocurrency\/what-is-blockchain-bloat-64025f51521a. 4 April, 2019. Accessed on 26 May, 2019."},{"key":"S0269888920000028_ref9","unstructured":"ENISA. 2016. Cyber security and resilience of smart cars \u2013 good practices and recommendations. https:\/\/www.enisa.europa.eu\/publications\/cyber-security-and-resilience-of-smart-cars\/at_download\/fullReport. Accessed on 25 May, 2019."},{"key":"S0269888920000028_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2971482"},{"key":"S0269888920000028_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2019.03.039"},{"key":"S0269888920000028_ref17","unstructured":"Infographic: What Connected Car Data Reveals About You. https:\/\/www.pentasecurity.com\/blog\/connected-car-data-infographic\/. 2 February, 2019. Accessed on 25 May, 2019."},{"key":"S0269888920000028_ref21","unstructured":"Paverd, A. J. , Martin, A. & Brown, I. 2014. Modelling and Automatically Analysing Privacy Properties for Honest-But-Curious Adversaries. Technical report."},{"key":"S0269888920000028_ref1","unstructured":"Alexopoulos, N. , Daubert, J. , M\u00fchlh\u00e4user, M. & Habib, S. M. 2017. Beyond the hype: on using blockchains in trust management for authentication. In Trustcom\/BigDataSE\/ICESS, 546\u2013553."},{"key":"S0269888920000028_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4842-2535-6"},{"key":"S0269888920000028_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2017.1700879"},{"key":"S0269888920000028_ref4","unstructured":"Cintron, L. , Graham, S. , Hodson, D. & Mullins, B. 2019. Distributed-ledger based event attestation for intelligent transportation systems. In International Conference on Cyber Warfare and Security."},{"key":"S0269888920000028_ref25","unstructured":"Sharma, R. & Chakraborty, S. 2018b. B2VDM: blockchain based vehicular data management. In International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communications and Informatics (ICACCI), 2337\u20132343."},{"key":"S0269888920000028_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2895302"},{"key":"S0269888920000028_ref20","unstructured":"Nakamoto, S. 2008. Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System. Working Paper."},{"key":"S0269888920000028_ref2","unstructured":"Bartolomeu, P. C. & Ferreira, J. 2019. Blockchain enabled vehicular communications: fad or future? In The Proceedings of the 88th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC-Fall), 1\u20135."},{"key":"S0269888920000028_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.adcom.2019.01.001"},{"key":"S0269888920000028_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2018.1800137"},{"key":"S0269888920000028_ref12","unstructured":"Ferdous, M. S. , Chowdhury, M. J. M. , Biswas, K. & Chowdhury, N. 2018. Immutable autobiography of smart cars. Presented at the 3rd Symposium on Distributed Ledger Technology (SDLT)."},{"key":"S0269888920000028_ref16","unstructured":"Hyperledger Fabric . https:\/\/www.hyperledger.org\/projects\/fabric. Accessed on 20 February, 2019."},{"key":"S0269888920000028_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Halder, S. , Ghosal, A. & Conti, M. 2019. Secure OTA Software Updates in Connected Vehicles: A survey. arXiv preprint arXiv:1904.00685.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2020.107343"},{"key":"S0269888920000028_ref31","unstructured":"Singh, M. & Kim, S. 2018. Trust Bit: reward-based intelligent vehicle commination using blockchain paper. In The IEEE 4th World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT), 62\u201367."},{"key":"S0269888920000028_ref23","unstructured":"Roufa, I. , Millerb, R. , Hossen, M. , Taylora, S. O. T. , Xua, W. , Gruteserb, M. , Trappeb, W. & Seskarb, I. 2010. Security and privacy vulnerabilities of in-car wireless networks: a tire pressure monitoring system case study. In the 19th USENIX Security Symposium, 11\u201313."},{"key":"S0269888920000028_ref18","unstructured":"Jadhav, A. & Sonpimple, A. Connected Car Market Size, Share & Trends, Industry Forecast, 2025 from Allied Market Research. https:\/\/www.alliedmarketresearch.com\/connected-car-market. November, 2018. Accessed on 25 May, 2019."}],"container-title":["The Knowledge Engineering Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0269888920000028","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T14:42:18Z","timestamp":1767624138000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0269888920000028\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"references-count":34,"alternative-id":["S0269888920000028"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0269888920000028","relation":{},"ISSN":["0269-8889","1469-8005"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0269-8889","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8005","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"article-number":"e3"}}