{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T05:10:37Z","timestamp":1770354637424,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,9]],"date-time":"2014-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1410220800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":12670,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Horizons"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1980]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Both anthropologists and theologians, each in their separate ways, are interested in rituals and their symbol-units. Victor Turner, from extensive fieldwork, has evolved a definition of ritual as \u201cprescribed formal behavior for occasions not given over to technological routine, having reference to beliefs in mystical beings or powers.\u201d Monica Wilson has insisted that \u201cit is the values of the group that are revealed\u201d in rituals and their symbol-units. The present essay is located at the interface of anthropology and theology. It surveys pertinent anthropological information and then analyzes the Christian rituals of baptism, confirmation and eucharist, and their symbol-units, to clarify and focus their meanings and the values and ontology of the Christian group which are revealed in them.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0360966900017576","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,2]],"date-time":"2016-08-02T09:12:58Z","timestamp":1470129178000},"page":"7-36","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Christian Rituals: An Essay in Sacramental Symbolisms"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Michael G.","family":"Lawler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0360966900017576_ref043","first-page":"301","volume-title":"From Sabbath to Sunday","author":"Bacchiocchi"},{"key":"S0360966900017576_ref010","first-page":"151","volume-title":"Annual Review of Anthropology","author":"Turner","year":"1975"},{"key":"S0360966900017576_ref042","volume-title":"The Apostolic Fathers","author":"Lightfoot","year":"1974"},{"key":"S0360966900017576_ref041","volume-title":"From Sabbath to Sunday","author":"Bacchiocchi","year":"1977"},{"key":"S0360966900017576_ref046","first-page":"82","volume-title":"The Prayers of Jesus","author":"Jeremias","year":"1967"},{"key":"S0360966900017576_ref038","volume-title":"New Testament Essays: Studies in Memory of T. W. Manson","author":"Riesenfeld","year":"1959"},{"key":"S0360966900017576_ref017","first-page":"15","volume-title":"Symbolism of Evil","author":"Ricoeur"},{"key":"S0360966900017576_ref037","first-page":"45","volume-title":"Jesus and the Eucharist","author":"Guzie","year":"1974"},{"key":"S0360966900017576_ref036","first-page":"9","volume-title":"The Passover Haggadah","author":"Glatzer","year":"1969"},{"key":"S0360966900017576_ref035","first-page":"489","volume-title":"Ancient Israel. Its Life and Institutions","author":"de Vaux","year":"1961"},{"key":"S0360966900017576_ref047","first-page":"93","volume-title":"The Lord's Prayer and Jewish Liturgy","author":"V\u00f6gtle","year":"1978"},{"key":"S0360966900017576_ref031","first-page":"806","volume-title":"De Resurrectione","volume":"8"},{"key":"S0360966900017576_ref030","first-page":"24","article-title":"The Original Meaning of the Prebaptismal Anointing and its Implications","volume":"52","author":"Winkler","year":"1978","journal-title":"Worship"},{"key":"S0360966900017576_ref028","first-page":"121","volume-title":"Chisungu","author":"Richards","year":"1956"},{"key":"S0360966900017576_ref025","first-page":"29","volume-title":"Baptism in the New Testament","author":"Beasley-Murray","year":"1963"},{"key":"S0360966900017576_ref011","first-page":"14","volume-title":"The Symbolism of Evil","author":"Ricoeur","year":"1967"},{"key":"S0360966900017576_ref023","first-page":"73","volume-title":"Midrash Rabbah","volume":"III","author":"Lehrman","year":"1961"},{"key":"S0360966900017576_ref008","first-page":"20","volume-title":"Forest of Symbols","author":"Turner"},{"key":"S0360966900017576_ref019","first-page":"17","volume-title":"The Sacred Canopy: Elements of a Sociological Theory of Religion","author":"Berger","year":"1966"},{"key":"S0360966900017576_ref001","first-page":"26","volume-title":"An Essay on Man: An Introduction to a Philosophy of Human Culture","author":"Cassirer","year":"1944"},{"key":"S0360966900017576_ref029","first-page":"102","volume-title":"Forest of Symbols","author":"Turner"},{"key":"S0360966900017576_ref009","first-page":"241","article-title":"Nyakusa Ritual and Symbolism","volume":"56","year":"1958","journal-title":"American Anthropologist"},{"key":"S0360966900017576_ref003","volume-title":"The Drums of Affliction: A Study of Religious Processes among the Ndembu of Zambia","author":"Turner","year":"1968"},{"key":"S0360966900017576_ref004","volume-title":"The Forest of Symbols: Aspects of Ndembu Ritual","author":"Turner","year":"1967"},{"key":"S0360966900017576_ref006","first-page":"19","volume-title":"Forest of Symbols","author":"Turner"},{"key":"S0360966900017576_ref005","volume-title":"The Ritual Process: Structure and Anti-Structure","author":"Turner","year":"1969"},{"key":"S0360966900017576_ref027","first-page":"95","volume-title":"Forest of Symbols","author":"Turner"},{"key":"S0360966900017576_ref007","first-page":"93","volume-title":"The Philosophy of Symbolic Forms","volume":"3","author":"Cassirer","year":"1953"},{"key":"S0360966900017576_ref018","first-page":"139","volume-title":"Where the Wasteland Ends: Politics and Transcendence in Post-industrial Society","author":"Roszak","year":"1972"},{"key":"S0360966900017576_ref014","first-page":"28","volume-title":"Forest of Symbols","author":"Turner"},{"key":"S0360966900017576_ref013","first-page":"36","volume-title":"An Essay on 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Sontag","author":"Rordorf","year":"1962"},{"key":"S0360966900017576_ref044","first-page":"12","volume-title":"Essays on the Lord's Supper","author":"Cullman","year":"1959"},{"key":"S0360966900017576_ref020","volume-title":"Etudes Augustiniennes","author":"Coutourier","year":"1953"},{"key":"S0360966900017576_ref033","first-page":"xxiv","volume-title":"The Seal of the Spirit","author":"Lampe","year":"1967"},{"key":"S0360966900017576_ref022","first-page":"304","volume-title":"The New Baltimore Catechism and Mass","author":"McGuire","year":"1953"},{"key":"S0360966900017576_ref048","first-page":"526","volume":"50","year":"1976","journal-title":"Worship"},{"key":"S0360966900017576_ref026","volume-title":"The Rites of Passage","author":"van Gennep","year":"1960"},{"key":"S0360966900017576_ref049","first-page":"261","volume":"52","year":"1977","journal-title":"Worship"},{"key":"S0360966900017576_ref012","first-page":"8","volume-title":"Language and 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